Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen phosphorylase limit dextrin. Limit dextrin is the highly branched core that remains after exhaustive treatment of glycogen with glycogen phosphorylase. It is formed because these enzymes cannot hydrolyze the (1->6) glycosidic linkages present.
Binding to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan.
Combining with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans to initiate an innate immune response.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenosine = ADP + AMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: a (3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = a (2E)-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + AMP = 2 ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside monophosphate = ADP + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside diphosphate = ADP + nucleoside triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate = fumarate + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein].
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine. Note that this activity includes EC:2.8.2.12 (deleted from EC).
Catalysis of the reaction: [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphate + H2O = [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-lysophosphatidylcholine + H2O = glycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = phosphatidylcholine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.
Binds to and increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
Binding to a phosphatidylinositol, a glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity. See also the molecular function term ‘1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity ; GO:0016303’.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate = ADP + bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configurations of the diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) and bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate (bis-PP-IP4) are unknown.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.
Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) + phosphate = 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl(n-1) + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. The name should be qualified in each instance by adding the name of the natural substrate, e.g. maltodextrin phosphorylase, starch phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.
Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ = a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.
Binding to a 2 iron, 2 sulfur (2Fe-2S) cluster; this cluster consists of two iron atoms, with two inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.
Catalysis of the reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-methyl-5-thioadenosine + 2-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2].
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA = 2-methylpentadecanal + formyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: A 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA = formyl-CoA + a propanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor -> 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+).
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17. This enzyme, which has been found in all species and tissues examined, catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of imine intermediates formed by several types of pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent dehydratases, such as EC 4.3.1.19 and EC 4.3.1.17. The reactions, which can occur spontaneously, are accelerated to minimize the cellular damage that could be caused by these reactive intermediates (from EC:3.5.99.10).
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3’-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5’-phosphate group at the end of another. This reaction requires an energy source such as ATP or NAD+.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2’-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2’-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2’-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2’-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2’-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2’-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Binding to 2’,3’ cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 2’,5’ and 3’,5’ linkages.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1618) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N(6)-methyladenine(1618) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: a dinucleotide + H2O = 2 mononucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5’-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate + H2O + O2 = pyridoxal 5’-phosphate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + (R)-4’-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + (R)-4’-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = AMP + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.
Binding to a 3 iron, 4 sulfur (3Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of three iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands. It is essentially a 4Fe-4S cluster with one iron missing.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + sphinganine = 3-dehydrosphinganine + H+ + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol + AH2 + O2 = A + a 3-demethylubiquinol + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: alkene-CoA + H2O = alcohol-CoA. Substrates are crotonoyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) and 2,3-didehydro-pimeloyl-CoA (producing 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA).
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoamide + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CO2 + [acyl-carrier protein].
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoic acid + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoic acid + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+. Note that the polyprenyl sidechain substrate for this reaction has a different number of prenyl units in different organisms (for example, ubiquinone-6 in Saccharomyces, ubiquinone- 9 in rat and ubiquinone-10 in human), and thus the natural substrate for the enzymes from different organisms has a different number of prenyl units. However, the enzyme usually shows a low degree of specificity regarding the number of prenyl units.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopa + O2 + H2O + H+ = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + CO2 + NH(4)+ + H2O2.
Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex in the 3’ to 5’ direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3’ end.
Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 3’ to 5’ direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3’ terminus of an RNA molecule that contributes to forming distinct miRNA isoforms from a mature miRNA.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a 3’ flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 3’ ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3’-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.
The process in which 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate is transported across a membrane.
The directed movement of 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing extra 3’ nucleotides from tRNA precursor, generating 3’ termini of tRNAs. A 3’-hydroxy group is left at the tRNA terminus and a 5’-phosphoryl group is left at the trailer molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 3’-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase I and DNA. See also the molecular function term ‘DNA topoisomerase type I activity ; GO:0003917’.
Binding to 3’,2’ cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 3’,5’ and 2’,5’ linkages.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(3’-5’)A-P(2’-5’) (cyclic 3’,2’ GAMP).
Binding to a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate = 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + O2 = homogentisate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H+. Note that zymosterol is cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + 6 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 5 H+ + 3 O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + 6 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 4 H2O. Note that zymosterol is cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxypterin = (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pterin + H2O.
Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + acceptor = NADP+ + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + serotonin.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine + ATP + glycine = N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropionate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 5’-end (N7-methyl 5’-triphosphoguanosine)-ribonucleoside in mRNA + H2O = a 5’-end phospho-ribonucleoside in mRNA + N7-methyl-GDP + H+.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ terminus of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ terminus of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template, via extension of the 3’-end.
Catalysis of the reaction:a 2’-deoxyribonucleoside 5’-monophosphate + H20=a 2’-deoxyribonucleoside + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 5’-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde or a ketone + NADPH + H+.
Binding to a 5S rDNA sequence, encoding ribosomal 5S rRNA, which is individually transcribed by RNA polymerase III, rather than by RNA polymerase I, in species where it exists.
Binding to a 5S ribosomal RNA, the smallest RNA constituent of a ribosome.
Binding to an unprocessed 5S ribosomal RNA transcript.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine = NADPH + H+ + 6,7-dihydropteridine. Note that this function was formerly EC:1.6.99.7.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + a 7-beta-hydroxysteroid = NADPH + H+ + a 7-oxosteroid.
Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2’ position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.
Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5’ end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript.
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5’ cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5’-5’ triphosphate bridge (m7G(5’)ppp(5’)X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid + NAD+ = a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid + NADH + H+.
Binding to a 7S RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP).
Binding to a 7SK small nuclear RNA (7SK snRNA).
Catalysis of the removal of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine bases by cleaving the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel that produces a transient outward current upon a step change in membrane potential.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + 3’,5’-cyclic GMP(in) = ADP + phosphate + 3’,5’-cyclic GMP(out).
Catalysis of the reaction ATP + H2O + fatty acyl CoA(Side 1) <=> ADP + phosphate + fatty acyl CoA(Side 2). A fatty acyl CoA group is any acyl group derived from a fatty acid with a coenzyme A group attached to it.
Catalyses the reaction: ATP + H2O + guanine(out) = ADP + phosphate + guanine(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + polyamine(out) = ADP + phosphate + polyamine(in).
Primary active transporter characterized by two nucleotide-binding domains and two transmembrane domains. Uses the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of a substance across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + xenobiotic(in) = ADP + phosphate + xenobiotic(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + heme(in) = ADP + phosphate + heme(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which acetate is transported across a membrane. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.
The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + CoA + H+. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.5.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 2n NADPH + 2n H+ = long-chain fatty acid + n+1 CoA + n CO2 + 2n NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the si-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA thus provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-S carboxymethyl group. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.7.
Binding to acetyl-CoA, an acyl-CoA having acetyl as its S-acetyl component.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.
Binding to a protein upon acetylation of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require acetylation of the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of acetylation. It may be that the acetylation causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of acetylation-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. For nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that act as ion channels, instead use ‘acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity ; GO:0022848’.
Binding to an acetylcholine receptor.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an acetylcholine receptor.
Interacting (directly or indirectly) with acetylcholine receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.
Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + H+ + pyruvate.
Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.
The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a neuronal, voltage-insensitive channel that opens when an extracellular proton has been bound by the channel complex.
Catalysis of the joining of an acid and a thiol via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3.
The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.
The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.
The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H+.
Catalysis of the reactions: 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate; (1a) 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate = 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate; (1b) 2-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-enyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate. This function is involved in the process of methionine salvage.
Binding to the attachment site of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP).
Binding to a protease or a peptidase.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA.
Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.
An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.
Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.
Binding to monomeric actin, also known as G-actin.
A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.
Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.
A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. Action potentials typically propagate across excitable membranes. This class covers both action potentials that propagate and those that fail to do so.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3’,5’-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein + ATP = protein phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase; a family of protein kinases that perform a crucial step in relaying signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. They are activated by a wide range of proliferation- or differentiation-inducing signals; activation is strong with agonists such as polypeptide growth factors and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, but weak (in most cell backgrounds) by stress stimuli.
Catalysis of the concomitant phosphorylation of threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y) residues in a Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) thiolester sequence in a MAP kinase (MAPK) substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process. This term should be used when the annotation refers to a process that occurs in a context of apoptotic cell death. To annotate gene products involved in activation of cysteine-type endopeptidases in other cellular process (e.g., cell cycle arrest) that do not necessarily develop into an apoptotic process, please use the more general parent term GO:0097202. Examples of ‘activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process’ are cytochrome c and Apaf1. When cytochrome c is released from mitochondria and forms a complex with Apaf1, they form a scaffolding platform in which the pro-caspase 9 is bound (the ‘apoptosome’). The caspase is then cleaved and activated. Cytochrome c and Apaf1 are therefore involved in the conversion of the zymogen procaspase 9 to the active form of the caspase.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute’s concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. This reaction requires the presence of calcium.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute’s concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
Binding to activin, a dimer of inhibin-beta subunits.
Combining with activin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Activin is one of two gonadal glycoproteins related to transforming growth factor beta. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand activin. For binding to other extracellular ligands, consider annotating to terms under ’transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.
Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyses the phosphorylation of a type I activin receptor.
Binding to an activin receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. Note that this term is a child of ‘actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036’ because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins.
Binding to an acyl group, any group formally derived by removal of the hydroxyl group from the acid function of a carboxylic acid.
The process in which acyl carnitine is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.
Binding an acyl group and presenting it for processing or offloading to a cognate enzyme. Covalently binds the acyl group via a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediates protein-protein interactions with the enzyme conferring specificity. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) presents substrates to enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or in polyketide secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
Binding to an acyl-CoA, a thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = desaturated-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-CoA to a nitrogen atom on an acceptor molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acylglycerol = ADP + acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl phosphate + H2O = a carboxylate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor), with the acyl group being converted into alkyl on transfer.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Any metalloendopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->6) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3-(2-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + H+ + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranyl diphosphate. Note that this is the first step in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. The second step is ‘geranyltranstransferase activity ; GO:0004337’. Consider also annotating to the biological process term ‘farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process ; GO:0045337’.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol.
Binding to adenine, a purine base.
Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5’-monophosphoramidate + H2O = AMP + NH4+. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: an adenosine-phosphate + H20 = an inosine phosphate + NH3. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP, ADP or ATP. Consider instead annotating to one of the more specific terms: AMP deaminase activity ; GO:0003876, ADP deaminase activity ; GO:0047629, or ATP deaminase activity ; GO:0047692.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenosine + L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H+ = S-adenosylmethioninamine + CO2.
Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Binding to an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Binds to and increases the activity of adenylate cyclase.
Binding to an adenylate cyclase.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.
Binds to and decreases the activity adenylate cyclase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of adenylate cyclase.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity which results in an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This pathway is negatively regulated by phosphodiesterase, which cleaves cAMP and terminates the signaling. This term can be used to annotate ligands, receptors and G-proteins that lead to activation of adenylate cyclase activity within a signaling pathway.
An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase inhibition.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of adenylate-cyclase activity. For steps upstream of adenylate cyclase activity, consider instead annotating to ‘regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway ; GO:0010578.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + GTP + IMP = N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP + GDP + 3 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD(P)+ = S-formylglutathione + NAD(P)H + H+.
Binding to an adipokinetic hormone. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.
Combining with an adipokinetic hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are protein or peptide hormones that are important for sugar and fat homeostasis in metazoa. In insects, they mobilize sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.
Binding to an adipokinetic hormone receptor. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are peptide hormones that are involved in the mobilization of sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.
Binding to adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
Binding to ADP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ADP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-ribose + H2O = AMP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-glutamyl-[protein] + H2O = L-glutamyl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.
Catalysis of the reaction: (ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein] + H2O = L-seryl-[protein] + ADP-ribose.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. See also the biological process term ‘behavior ; GO:0007610’.
Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. See also the biological process term ‘feeding behavior ; GO:0007631’.
Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. See also the biological process term ’locomotory behavior ; GO:0007626'.
The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = formate + L-kynurenine.
A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 5-aminolevulinate = 2 H2O + H+ + porphobilinogen.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala).
Enables the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.
The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + a 2-oxo acid = pyruvate + an L-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + H+ + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA.
Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD(P)+ = an aldehyde + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+, requiring the presence of zinc.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = an acid + NAD(P)H + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C(n) aldehyde = C(n-1) alkane + CO.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = an acid + NADH + H+.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+).
Catalysis of the reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + O2 = a carboxylic acid + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD+ + H2O = L-glutamate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose = beta-D-glucose. Also acts on L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, maltose and lactose.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.
Binding to an alkali metal ion; alkali metals are those elements in group Ia of the periodic table, with the exception of hydrogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
Catalysis of the reaction: octane + reduced rubredoxin + O2 = 1-octanol + oxidized rubredoxin + H2O.
Enables the directed movement of alkanesulfonate from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an alkanesulfonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alkanesulfonates are organic esters or salts of sulfonic acid containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical.
Catalysis of the transfer of an alkylthio group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: allantoin + H2O = allantoate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Combining with allatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->6) linkage.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->3)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming an alpha-1,4 linkage.
Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2-aminoadipate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate.
Binding to catenin complex alpha subunit.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactohydrolase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-linked alpha-D-glucose residue with release of alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.
Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.
The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose + H2O = 2 D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-glucose-6-phosphate = UDP + alpha,alpha-trehalose-6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type.
Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the release of amides or amidines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amide or amidine as a substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + L-glutamate + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + L-glutamine + H2O.
Binding to an amine, a weakly basic organic compound that contains an amino or a substituted amino group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.
The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the release of amines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amine as a substrate.
Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of amino acid within an organism or cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.
The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + cation(out) = amino acid(in) + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + monoatomic cation(in) = solute(in) + monoatomic cation(out). Monoatomic cations include H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: an L-amino acid = a D-amino acid.
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-substituted aminoacyl-tRNA + H2O = N-substituted amino acid + tRNA.
Catalysis of the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA from ATP, amino acid, and tRNA with the release of diphosphate and AMP. Note that the bond resulting from this reaction is a carboxylic acid ester bond, linking the alpha carboxyl group of the amino acid to either the 2’ or 3’ hydroxyl of the 3’- terminal adenyl residue of the tRNA.
Any process which detects an amino-acid acetylated tRNA is charged with the correct amino acid, or removes incorrect amino acids from a charged tRNA. This process can be performed by tRNA synthases, or by subsequent reactions after tRNA aminoacylation.
Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-L-amino acid + H2O = a carboxylate + an L-amino acid.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.
Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Catalysis of the release of ammonia by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with ammonia as a substrate.
The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.
Binding to ammonium ions (NH4+).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.
The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of ammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.
Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H2O = IMP + NH3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
Enables the transfer of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of AMP, adenosine monophosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein = diphosphate + adenylyl-protein; mediates the addition of an adenylyl (adenosine 5’-monophosphate; AMP group) to L-serine, L-threonine, and L-tyrosine residues in target proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-tetrahydrofolate + S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NH3 + dihydrolipoylprotein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Binding to an amyloid-beta peptide/protein.
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Binding to an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.
The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates.
The memory process that results in the formation of consolidated memory resistant to disruption of the patterned activity of the brain, without requiring protein synthesis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells).
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.
Enables the energy-independent passage of anions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell.
The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(out) + cation(out) = anion(in) + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monovalent anion(out) + Na+(out) = monovalent anion(in) + Na+(in).
Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.
An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded polynucleotide molecule.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.
Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.
The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.
Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).
Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).
The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
Binding to an apolipoprotein, the protein component of a lipoprotein complex.
The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.
Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the hollowing out of an epithelial rod or cord to form the central hole in a tube.
A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H2O = L-ornithine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + ATP = N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine + ADP + 2 H+.
Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-arginine + tRNA(Arg) = AMP + diphosphate + L-arginyl-tRNA(Arg).
Catalysis of the reaction: N-(L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + (N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-arginyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + H+ + phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring.
The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-amino acid + H+ = R-H + CO2.
Binding to an Arp2/3 complex, a protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.
The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.
Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an arylamine = CoA + an N-acetylarylamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.
The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA to asioloorosomucoid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
The process in which aspartate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamate(out) = H+(in) + L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamate(in).
Any aspartic-type endopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aspartic-type endopeptidases.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + H2O = L-aspartate + NH3.
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.
Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 to substrate molecules; phosphatidylethanolamine is a known substrate.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG8, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves APG8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + ADP + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ADP + H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate = ATP + citrate + CoA. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.1.3.8. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use ‘ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887’.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.
An activity, driven by ATP hydrolysis, that modulates the contacts between histones and DNA, resulting in a change in chromosome architecture within the nucleosomal array, leading to chromatin remodeling.
Catalytic activity that acts to transfer a methyl group to a DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, and initiates a signalling response, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.
Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
A histone chaperone that mediates the exchange of histone H2A-H2B dimer and histone H2AZ-H2B dimers in a nucleosome, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Some chaperones insert H2AZ-H2B dimers dimers and remove H2A-H2B, while others do the opposite. Drosophila H2AV corresponds to histone H2AZ.
Binding to and carrying a histone or a histone complex to unload or deposit it as a nucleosome, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ATP = ADP + 3 H+ + NADH + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5’-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5’-phospho-DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5’-dephosphopolynucleotide = ADP + 5’-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.
Binding to a protein or protein complex using energy from ATP hydrolysis.
Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Cu2+(out).
Binds to and increases the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.
Enables the transfer of ions from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ion(in) = ADP + phosphate + ion(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP.
Any ATPase coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces an ATP hydrolysis activity.
Binds to and modulates the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + inorganic anion(out) = ADP + phosphate + inorganic anion(in).
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + lipid(in) = ADP + phosphate + lipid(out).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + glucosylglycogenin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.
The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon.
The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
Combining with an extracellular messenger and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to results in a change in cellular activity involved in axon guidance.
The regulated release of dopamine from an axon.
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane.
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Note that ‘axonogenesis’ differs from ‘axon development’ in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon).
The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.
Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
Posterior movement of an organism, e.g. following the direction of the tail of an animal.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.
A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).
Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase. Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.
Binding to a component of the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase. Note that the definition of basal, or general, transcription factors has typically been done at a small number of well characterized activator-independent promoters. At an activator-dependent promoter, one or more additional factors are generally required in addition to the basal factors.
A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane ; GO:0016020’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane assembly ; GO:0071709’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane.
The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. Note that this term has no relationship to ‘membrane organization ; GO:0061024’ because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
The directed movement of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate + O2 = carnitine + CO2 + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to phosphatidylinositol or one of its phosphorylated derivatives at the 3’ position of the inositol ring.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
Binding to DNA in a bent conformation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage.
Catalysis of the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in a beta-1,3 linkage to the mannose(beta-1,4)Glc disaccharide core of glycolipids.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-(1->4) linkage.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming a beta-1,4 linkage.
Enables the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.
The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the synthesis of beta-alanyl amine conjugate from a precursor biogenic amine, such as dopamine or histamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl dopamine + H2O = dopamine + beta-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans-retinal. Formerly EC:1.13.11.n2, EC:1.13.11.21 and then EC 1.14.99.36.
Binding to a catenin beta subunit.
Binding to a beta-catenin destruction complex.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. Note that the inclusion of ‘MetaCyc:BGALACT-PWY’ is exceptional: normally MetaCyc pathway entries are database references for biological process terms, not molecular function terms. An exception was made in this case because the MetaCyc entry ‘BGALACT-PWY’ describes only one reaction, that catalyzed by beta-galactosidase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + H2O = CoA + 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA + ATP + bicarbonate = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.
Binding to the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3.
Binding to a Bcl-2 homology (BH) protein domain. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains.
Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.
Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.
The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the digestion of double-stranded RNAs into 20 to 30-nucleotide products. These products typically associate to the RNA-induced silencing complex and serve as guide RNAs for posttranslational RNA interference.
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.
Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.
The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+.
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct, manual gene product annotation. Please choose a more specific child term, or request a new one if no suitable term is available. For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term ‘receptor binding ; GO:0005102’ and its children.
The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate, another cell, or other organism. Biological adhesion includes intracellular attachment between membrane regions.
A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle. Note that phases are is_a disjoint from other biological processes. happens_during relationships can operate between phases and other biological processes e.g. DNA replication happens_during S phase.
Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ’no data’ (ND), is used to indicate this.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)).
Binding to a Baculovirus Inhibitor of apoptosis protein Repeat (BIR) domain. An example of this is the Drosophila reaper gene in PMID:21886178.
Catalysis of the reaction: P1-P6-bis(5’-adenosyl) hexaphosphate + H2O = AMP + adenosine 5’-pentaphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: P1-P6-bis(5’-adenosyl) pentaphosphate + H2O = AMP + adenosine 5’-tetraphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(3)-bis(5’-adenosyl) triphosphate + H2O = ADP + AMP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5’-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate + H2O = NTP + NMP. Acts on bis(5’-guanosyl)-, bis(5’-xanthosyl)-, bis(5’-adenosyl)- and bis(5’-uridyl)-tetraphosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5’-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = 2-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + H2O = phosphoglycerate + phosphate.
Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23’, ‘TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24’ and ‘TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28’.
The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term ‘TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9’.
An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:17’, ‘TS5, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:27’ and ‘TS6, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:36’.
A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 400-470nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.
Binding to a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family.
Combining with a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, and transmitting a signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a BMP receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific cell development term or if not possible, bone or bone tissue development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.
The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which bones are generated and organized.
Combining with a protein bride of sevenless (boss) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. Examples include the outer membranes of double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria as well as the bounding membranes of single-membrane bound organelles such as lysosomes.
Binding to a box C/D small nucleolar RNA.
Binding to a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.
Enables the transfer of branched-chain amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.
The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.
Catalysis of the reaction: a branched-chain amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + a 2-oxocarboxylate derived from the branched-chain amino acid.
The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.
The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer.
The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron).
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which the bronchus cartilage is generated and organized. The bronchus cartilage is the connective tissue of the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The process in which the bronchus is generated and organized. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + malonyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: butanoyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein = 2-butenoyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.
Binding to a C2H2-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C2H2 zinc finger is the classical zinc finger domain, in which two conserved cysteines and histidines co-ordinate a zinc ion.
Enables the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, where channel opening contributes to an increase in membrane potential.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate. This reaction is the formation of a thioether linkage between the C-1 atom of the geranylgeranyl group and a cysteine residue fourth from the C-terminus of the protein. The protein substrates have the C-terminal sequence CA1A2X, where the terminal residue, X, is preferably leucine and A2 should not be aromatic. Known substrates include most g-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and Ras-related GTPases such as members of the Ras and Rac/Rho families.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + carbamoyl phosphate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + H+ + phosphate.
Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.
Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.
A process in which a cadmium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of cadmium (Cd) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of cadmium (Cd) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate + ATP = (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Binding to calcitonin, a peptide hormone responsible for reducing serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic bone reabsorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. It is synthesized and released by the C cells of the thyroid.
Binding to a member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)).
Combining with any member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel.
Modulates the activity of a calcium channel.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+).
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
Binding to a calcium ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binds to and increases the activity of guanylate cyclase in response to a change in calcium ion concentration.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3’,5’-cyclic AMP + diphosphate, stimulated by calcium-bound calmodulin.
Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. This reaction requires the presence of calcium ion (Ca2+).
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction requires Ca2+.
Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.
Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase.
Modulates the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein in a calcium-dependent manner.
Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. These reactions are dependent on the presence of calcium ions.
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium ions.
Binds to and modulates of the activity of the enzyme calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase.
Enables transmembrane transfer of calcium ions from an intracellular store to the cytosol on induction by increased calcium concentration.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.
Any signal transduction pathway involving calmodulin dependent kinase activity.
Catalysis of the reactions: nucleoside 3’,5’-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+; this activity is activated by binding to calcium-bound calmodulin.
Catalysis of the reactions: 3’,5’-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+ and 3’,5’-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+; this activity is activated by binding to calcium-bound calmodulin.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
Calmodulin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin.
Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3’,5’-cyclophosphate).
Binding to a cyclic AMP response element (CRE), a short palindrome-containing sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to cyclic AMP.
Binding to a cAMP response element binding protein (a CREB protein).
cAMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of cAMP.
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).
Unwinding of an RNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ATP + L-glutamine + CO2 + H2O = 2 ADP + phosphate + glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate.
Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
Binding to a carbohydrate derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a carbohydrate substrate molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: carbohydrate(out) + H+(out) = carbohydrate(in) + H+(in).
Binding to carbon monoxide (CO).
Catalysis of the breakage of a bond between carbon and any halogen atom.
Catalysis of the transfer of the amide nitrogen of glutamine to a substrate. Usually composed of two subunits or domains, one that first hydrolyzes glutamine, and then transfers the resulting ammonia to the second subunit (or domain), where it acts as a source of nitrogen.
Catalysis of the release of ammonia or one of its derivatives, with the formation of a double bond or ring. Enzymes with this activity may catalyze the actual elimination of the ammonia, amine or amide, e.g. CH-CH(-NH-R) = C=CH- + NH2-R. Others, however, catalyze elimination of another component, e.g. water, which is followed by spontaneous reactions that lead to breakage of the C-N bond, e.g. L-serine ammonia-lyase (EC:4.3.1.17), so that the overall reaction is C(-OH)-CH(-NH2) = CH2-CO- + NH3, i.e. an elimination with rearrangement. The sub-subclasses of EC:4.3 are the ammonia-lyases (EC:4.3.1), lyases acting on amides, amidines, etc. (EC:4.3.2), the amine-lyases (EC:4.3.3), and other carbon-nitrogen lyases (EC:4.3.99).
Catalysis of the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of a phosphate.
Catalysis of the elimination of hydrogen sulfide or substituted H2S.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: R-CHOH-R’ + NADP+ = R-CO-R’ + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carboxyl group of an acceptor molecule to form a methyl ester.
Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Enables the transfer of carcinine from one side of a membrane to the other.
Binding to a CARD (N-terminal caspase recruitment) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that belongs to the death domain-fold superfamily. These protein molecule families are similar in structure with each consisting of six or seven anti-parallel alpha-helices that form highly specific homophilic interactions between signaling partners. CARD exists in the N-terminal prodomains of several caspases and in apoptosis-regulatory proteins and mediates the assembly of CARD-containing proteins that participate in activation or suppression of CARD carrying members of the caspase family.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts.
The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.
A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts.
The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum.
The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = CMP + diphosphatidylglycerol.
Binding directly to the structural scaffolding elements of a vesicle coat (such as clathrin or COPII), and bridging the membrane, cargo receptor, and membrane deformation machinery.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + carnitine = (R)-O-acetylcarnitine + CoA.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the carnitine molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine + octanoyl-CoA = (S)-octanoylcarnitine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carnosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + anserine + H+.
Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
Catalysis of the reaction: Zeaxanthin + O2 = (3R)-11-cis-3-hydroxyretinal + (3R)-all-trans-3-hydroxyretinal.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
Binding to a caspase family protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a ribosomal RNA.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a tRNA.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-dopa + O2 = 2 H2O + 2 L-dopaquinone. This reaction catalyzes exclusively the oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones. GO:0004097 describes oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones. For monooxygenation of monophenols, consider instead the term ‘monophenol monooxygenase activity ; GO:0004503’.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
Binding to catecholamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The regulated release of catecholamine by a cell in which the catecholamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell.
Binding to a cation, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge.
Enables the transfer of a cation or cations from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell.
The process in which a cation is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cation(out) + Cl-(out) = cation(in) + Cl-(in).
Binding to a CCR4-NOT complex.
Binding to a CD27, a receptor found on the surface of T cells and some B cells and NK cells.
Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span a membrane (either the plasma membrane or a vesicle membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit soluble proteins to nascent vesicles. Notes: (1) this term and its child terms are intended for receptors that bind to and internalize molecules by receptor-mediated endocytosis. For receptors that are coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term ‘signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023’ and its children. (2) Cargo receptors transport substances by vesicular transport, not by transmembrane transport. For transmembrane transporters, consider instead the term ’transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0022857.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions.
Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. This reaction requires the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK).
Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + alcohol = CMP + phosphatidyl alcohol.
The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol = 3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate + CMP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + CDP-diacylglycerol = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + CMP + H+.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.
Binding to a cell adhesion molecule.
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell and to initiate intracellular signaling. Cell adhesion receptors include integrins and cadherins. Reinstated term from obsolete.
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. Note that ‘cell body’ and ‘cell soma’ are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.
Any DNA ligation that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.
Any DNA unwinding that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide) show that cell death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of ‘cell death’ (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 ‘programmed necrotic cell death’ or GO:0006915 ‘apoptotic process’). Also, if experimental data suggest that a gene product influences cell death indirectly, rather than being involved in the death process directly, consider annotating to a ‘regulation’ term.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. Note that this term differs from ‘cytokinesis ; GO:0000910’ in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. Note that this term was ‘cell fate determination’ but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term ‘cell fate determination; GO:0001709’ was also created.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.
The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.
The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.
The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history.
The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. This term was moved out from being a child of ‘cellular process’ because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta.
Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any cell surface receptor signaling pathway that is involved in cell-cell signaling.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.
A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.
The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another, medaited by a wnt family protein ligand. This process includes wnt signal transduction in the receiving cell, release of wnt ligand from a secreting cell as well as any processes that actively facilitate wnt transport and presentation to receptor on the recieving cell.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.
Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.
Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium at the level of the cell.
A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions at the level of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations at the level of a cell.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.
The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell. Note that this term was split from ‘cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0030319’ (sibling term ‘cellular trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis’ ; GO:0072502’).
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations at the level of a cell. Note that this term was split from ‘cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis ; GO:0030005’ (sibling term ‘cellular trivalent inorganic cation homeostasis’ ; GO:0072504’).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any large molecule including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations at the level of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions at the level of a cell.
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.
[cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus; cellular response to drug; term replaced by]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an environmental stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a farnesol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. Note that ‘radiation’ refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sulfate ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions at the level of a cell. Note that this term was split from ‘cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0030319’ (sibling term ‘cellular divalent inorganic anion homeostasis’ ; GO:0072501’).
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ’no data’ (ND), is used to indicate this. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a fatty acid + sphingosine.
Binding to ceramide 1-phosphate.
Removes a ceramide 1-phosphate from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
The directed movement of a ceramide 1-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to a ceramide, a class of lipids composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid. Ceramides are a major component of cell membranes.
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + ceramide = CMP + H+ + sphingomyelin.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = CMP + a ceramide phosphoethanolamine.
Removes a ceramide from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = a carboxylate + an alcohol + H(+). Note: This covers a broad range of specificity; also hydrolyzes vitamin A esters.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic G-P(2’-5’)A-P(3’-5’) (cyclic 2’,3’ GAMP).
Binding to cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3’,5’-cyclophosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3’,5’-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3’,5’-phosphate.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a channel.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.
The covalent alteration of an amino acid charged on a tRNA before it is incorporated into a protein, as in N-formylmethionine, selenocysteine or pyrrolysine.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.
Any process involved in the maintenance of the internal steady state of the amount of a chemical at the level of the tissue.
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The part of synaptic transmission occurring in the post-synapse: a signal transduction pathway consisting of neurotransmitter receptor activation and its effects on postsynaptic membrane potential and the ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol.
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.
Any chemoattractant activity that is involved in axon guidance.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal.
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.
Binding to a chemokine receptor.
Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: chitin + H2O = chitosan + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + ->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1- = UDP + ->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a chloride channel.
The process in which chloride is transported across a membrane.
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+. This is a process composed of two reactions represented by the terms ‘GO:0052606 : chlorophyllide a oxygenase activity’ and ‘GO:0052607 : 7-hydroxy-chlorophyllide a oxygenase activity’.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + choline = acetylcholine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + choline = ADP + choline phosphate + 2 H+.
Any apoptotic process in a cholangiocyte.
The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.
Binding to cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NAD = cholest-5-en-3-one + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA.
Removes cholesterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
Catalysis of the transfer of a cholesterol to an acceptor protein.
The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion.
The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures.
Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
The controlled breakdown of chromatin from a higher order structure into its simpler subcomponents, DNA, histones, other proteins, and sometimes RNA.
Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with a chromatin insulator sequence, a DNA sequence that prevents enhancer-mediated activation or repression of transcription.
Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin.
A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.
Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a nucleosome, to establish or maintain the chromatin localization of the protein, or protein complex.
Binding to a chromo shadow domain, a protein domain that is distantly related, and found in association with, the chromo domain.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane. Basal bodies in jawed vertebrates appear to first attach to a ciliary vesicle. It is unclear how specific this is to jawed vertebrates or if other organisms also employ this sequence. Some species like Giardia intestinalis do not relocate their basal bodies to the plasma membrane, but have their axonemes extend through the cytosol to then protrude out of the cell to form flagella.
The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.
All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium. Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. Also, researchers consider the composition of both the plasm and the membrane of the cilium to be detectably different from that in the non-ciliary cytosol and plasma membrane (e.g. in terms of calcium ion concentration, membrane lipid composition, and more). For this reason, the term “ciliary plasm” is not linked to “cytoplasm”.
A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. Depending on the species, this region may have a distinct geometrically shaped electron-dense structure within the axonemal lumen visible in electron microscopy images; most animals don’t display this inner structure. The axoneme extends through the ciliary transition zone, but only consists of the outer doublets. The central pair, axonemal spokes, and dynein complexes are not found in this part of the ciliary shaft. Note that the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells is thought to be equivalent to the transition zone.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, ‘cilium’ may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of ‘cilium’. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium. Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The fluctuation in mating behavior that occurs over an approximately 24 hour cycle.
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.
Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Catalysis of a reaction that interconverts cis and trans isomers. Atoms or groups are termed cis or trans to one another when they lie respectively on the same or on opposite sides of a reference plane identifiable as common among stereoisomers.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = isocitrate. The reaction occurs in two steps: (1) citrate = cis-aconitate + H2O, (2) cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate. This reaction is the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via the labile, enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate. Water is removed from one part of the citrate molecule and added back to a different atom to form isocitrate. This is a process composed of two reactions represented by the terms ‘GO:0052632 : citrate hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) activity’ and ‘GO:0052633 : isocitrate hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) activity’.
Enables the transfer of citrate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA.
Enables the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the cleavage of an AP site 3’ of the baseless site by a beta-lyase mechanism, leaving an unsaturated aldehyde, termed a 3’-(4-hydroxy-5-phospho-2-pentenal) residue, and a 5’-phosphate. Note that this term is does not have parentage in the ’nuclease activity’ branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis. Class II AP endonuclease is a nuclease, but not Class I, III and IV.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5’ to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5’-deoxyribose phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl ends. Class II AP endonuclease is a nuclease, but not Class I, III and IV.
Bringing together a cargo protein with clathrin, responsible for the formation of endocytic vesicles.
Binding to a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles.
Binding to a clathrin heavy chain.
Binding to a clathrin light chain.
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. The reaction is: solute A(out) + solute B(in) = solute A(in) + solute B(out).
Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine.
Catalysis of the removal of oxidized purine bases by cleaving the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3’ of the apurinic (AP) site. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term ‘DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906’.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it’s formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a club cell. A club cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.
Binding to a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell.
Binding to a common mediator SMAD signaling protein.
Catalysis of the joining of a carboxyl group to a molecule that is attached to CoA, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: X-CoA + H2O = X + CoA; X may be any group.
Catalysis of the reaction: substrate + ATP + CoASH = AMP + diphosphate + substrate-CoA.
Catalysis of the transfer of a coenzyme A (CoA) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantetheine 4’-phosphate = 3’-dephospho-CoA + diphosphate.
Binding to cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
Binding to cocaine (2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-benzoxytropane), an alkaloid obtained from dried leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca or by chemical synthesis.
The process in which coenzyme A is transported across a membrane. Coenzyme A, 3’-phosphoadenosine-(5’)diphospho(4’)pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of coenzyme A from one side of a membrane to the other. Coenzyme A, 3’-phosphoadenosine-(5’)diphospho(4’)pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The directed movement of coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Coenzyme A, 3’-phosphoadenosine-(5’)diphospho(4’)pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
Facilitating a conformational change to load a cohesin complex around sister chromatids, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Facilitating a conformational change to unload a cohesin complex from sister chromatids.
Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.
Binding to a collagen fibril.
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).
A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.
Combining with a collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils.
A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + ubiquinone + 5 H+(in) <=> NAD+ + ubiquinol + 4 H+(out).
A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.
Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).
The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The modification process that results in the conversion of methionine charged on a tRNA(fMet) to N-formyl-methionine-tRNA(fMet).
An isopeptidase activity that cleaves NEDD8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a COPII transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span a membrane (either the plasma membrane or a vesicle membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit soluble proteins to nascent vesicles.
Directly binding to and delivering copper ions to a target protein.
Binding to a copper (Cu) ion.
The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N-methyl-arginine.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
Combining with the neuropeptide corazonin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a corazonin receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. Note that in some species, the methyl group may be added to a lysine in a slightly different position of the histone H3 protein, but that this term still applies.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone N6-methyl-L-lysine. The methylation of peptidyl-lysine in histones forms N6-methyl-L-lysine, N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine and N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine derivatives.
Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a primary EGF receptor, initiating a change in cell activity through the EGF receptor signaling pathway.
In cooperation with a primary Wnt receptor, initiating a change in cell activity through the Wnt signaling pathway.
The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized.
Binding to corticotropin-releasing hormone, a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. It is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.
The behavior of an organism for the purpose of attracting sexual partners.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine phosphate + Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R = Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-6-P-EtN-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R; R is Man-alpha(1,4)-GlcNH2-inositol-PO4-lipid. This reaction is the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to C6 of second mannose in the GPI lipid precursor CP2.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 H+ + O2 = 2 CO2 + 2 H2O + protoporphyrinogen IX.
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + L-carnitine = CoA + L-palmitoylcarnitine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.
Binding to a CRD (context dependent regulatory) domain, a domain of about 130 residues that is the most divergent region among the LEF/TCF proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + creatine = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = trans-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulonate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-L-gulonate + H+ + NADH.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Binding to a member of the cullin family, hydrophobic proteins that act as scaffolds for ubiquitin ligases (E3).
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD(P)+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered.
Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.
Binds to and decreases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Binding to cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic GMP-AMP. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to annotate to a more specific child term that descibes the position of the phosphate group on the cGAMP molecule.
Binding to a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
cNMP-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of a cyclic nucleotide.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (8S)-3’,8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5’-triphosphate = cyclic pyranopterin phosphate + diphosphate.
Binding to cyclic-di-GMP, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate.
Enables the transfer of cyclic-di-GMP from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside phosphate.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a cyclic nucleotide. Includes production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.
Binding to cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis.
Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. This reaction requires the binding of a regulatory cyclin subunit and full activity requires stimulatory phosphorylation by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK).
Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.
Modulates the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase, enzymes of the protein kinase family that are regulated through association with cyclins and other proteins.
Binding to S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalysis of the joining of two groups within a single molecule via a carbon-nitrogen bond, forming heterocyclic ring, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2, in a reaction that involves the opening of a ring.
Binding to cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that contains several N-methylated and unusual amino acids.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 1-alpha,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; calcitriol).
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + O2 = 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: O3-acetyl-L-serine + hydrogen sulfide = L-cysteine + acetate. Note that this function was formerly 4.2.99.8.
Catalysis of the reaction: RS-CH2-CH(NH3+)COO- = RSH + NH3 + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-cysteine + tRNA(Cys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys).
An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves NEDD8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
Binds to and increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.
Binds to and increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process. Examples of this are 1) granzymes that may bind to initiator caspases and cleave them, and 2) already active caspases, e.g. caspase 9, that cleave effector caspases.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic signaling pathway. Examples of gene products that may be annotated to this term include CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10, also called initiator (or apical, or activator) caspases.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the execution phase of apoptosis. Examples of gene products that may be annotated to this term include CASP3, CASP6 and CASP7, also called effector (or executioner) caspases.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gall bladder to the common bile duct.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine + H2O = uridine + NH3.
The removal of amino group in the presence of water.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cytidine = ADP + CMP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)CMP = ADP + (d)CDP.
Catalysis of the transfer of a cytidylyl group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ferrocytochrome c + O2 + 4 H+ = 4 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O. The reduction of O2 to water is accompanied by the extrusion of four protons from the intramitochondrial compartment.
The activity of a soluble extracellular gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.
Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a cytokine receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. When annotating eukaryotic species, mitotic or meiotic cytokinesis should always be specified for manual annotation and for prokaryotic species use ‘FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0043093’ or Cdv-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0061639. Also, note that cytokinesis does not necessarily result in physical separation and detachment of the two daughter cells from each other.
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
Binds to and increases the activity of a motor protein.
Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a motor protein.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a motor protein.
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein or protein complex and a plasma membrane lipid or membrane-associated protein, in order to maintain the localization of the cytoskeleton at a specific cortical membrane location.
Binding to a protein involved in modulating the reorganization of the cytoskeleton.
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
Enables the transfer of D-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. D-amino acids are the D-enantiomers of amino acids.
The directed movement of the D-enantiomer of an amino acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-aminoacyl-tRNA = D-amino acid + tRNA. Hydrolysis of the removal of D-amino acids from residues in charged tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose + NAD(P)+ = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH + H+.
Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribulose = ADP + D-ribulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) = D-tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr). Hydrolysis of the removal of D-tyrosine from tyrosine residues in charged tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose + NADP+ = D-xylono-1,5-lactone + H+ + NADPH.
Binding to a D5 dopamine receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2’-deoxynucleoside = ADP + 2’-deoxynucleoside 5’-phosphate.
Binding to damaged DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2’-deoxyadenosine 5’-phosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2’-deoxyadenosine 5’-phosphate).
Binds to and modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCMP + H2O = dUMP + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + xylitol = L-xylulose + H+ + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane = 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene + chloride + H+.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.
Binding to a DEAD/H-box RNA helicase.
DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated bases.
Binding to a death domain of a protein. The death domain (DD) is a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices. DD bind each other forming oligomers. Some DD-containing proteins are involved in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through their activation of caspases and NF-kappaB. For binding to the death effector domain, consider instead the term ‘death effector domain binding ; GO:0035877’.
Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death.
Interacting with a death receptor such that the proportion of death receptors in an active form is increased. Ligand binding to a death receptor often induces a conformational change to activate the receptor.
Binding to a member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane driven by decarboxylation of a cytoplasmic substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute’s concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
The expulsion of feces from the rectum.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force. The inward-rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by a specific ligand or ligands, and as a result the macroscopic conductance depends on the difference between membrane voltage and the K+ equilibrium potential rather than on membrane voltage itself.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + diphosphate = adenine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.
Catalysis of the formation of a hydroxyl group on a steroid by incorporation of oxygen from O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + dolichyl phosphate = GDP + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylaniline + NADPH + H+ + O2 = N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + ATP = alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + L-glutamate + ATP = L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate group of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ATP + glycine = ADP + glutathione + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->2)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in an oligo-mannose oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: a primary amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxo-L-proline + ATP + 2 H2O = L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = L-tyrosine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate.
Enables the transfer of iron (Fe) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. An example of this is mouse ferroportin (UniProtKB:Q9JHI9), which transports iron out of the cell.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Cl-(out) = K+(in) + Cl-(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + phosphate(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(in) = solute(in) + H+(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: inorganic anion(out) + solute(in) = inorganic anion (in) + solute(out).
Enables the transfer of choline from one side of a membrane to the other. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate = 5-(methylthio)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O.
The directed movement of dehydroascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, is an oxidized form of vitamin C.
Catalysis of the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate in the cis-configuration to form dehydrodolichyl diphosphate.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a delayed rectifying voltage-gated channel. A delayed rectifying current-voltage relation is one where channel activation kinetics are time-dependent, and inactivation is slow.
Catalysis of the reaction: a (3E,5Z)-dienoyl-CoA = a (2E,4E)-(5,6-saturated)-dienoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.
Binding to a denatured protein. Note that this term should not be confused with ‘unfolded protein binding ; GO:0051082’, which usually refers to proteins that have not yet folded into their active states. Denatured proteins once were in their correct functional conformations, but have become incorrectly folded, and often form aggregates.
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.
The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2’-deoxyadenosine + ATP = ADP + dAMP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + deoxycytidine = NDP + CMP.
Catalysis of the insertion of a dCMP residue opposite a template abasic site in DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2’-deoxyguanosine + ATP = ADP + dGMP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(4-aminobutyl)-L-lysine + donor-H2 + O2 = protein N6-((R)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine + acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclobutadipyrimidine (in DNA) = 2 pyrimidine residues (in DNA). This reaction represents the reactivation of irradiated DNA by light.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 5’-phosphodinucleotide and 5’-phosphooligonucleotide end products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 3’-phosphodinucleotide and 3’-phosphooligonucleotide end products.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-dephospho-CoA + ATP = ADP + CoA + 2 H+.
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cellular proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde.
The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized.
The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.
An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves SUMO from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a carbon dioxide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a umami taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates.
The series of events in which a cold stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.
The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated.
The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which high humidity is detected and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a high humidity stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal as a part of the sensory detection of high humidity.
The series of events in which a hot stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.
The series of events in which a humidity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a humidity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of humidity.
The series of events in which a hydrogen ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.
The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which low humidity is detected and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a low humidity stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal as a part of the sensory detection of low humidity.
The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears.
The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of wind in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of fungal origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors.
The series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.
The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.
Binds to and increases the activity of a deubiquitinase.
An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated. There are two main classes of deubiquitinating enzymes: cysteine proteases (i.e., thiol dependent) and metalloproteases.
A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves UFM1 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H2O = 2’-deoxyguanosine + 2 H+ + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.
Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine. Four sub-reactions have been identified,in which the intermediates remain tightly associated with the enzyme: spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH; dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + propane-1,3-diamine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + [enzyme]-lysine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + NADH + H+ = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+. Note that this term is equivalent to the obsolete molecular function term ‘deoxyhypusine synthase activity ; GO:0004171’ and corresponds closely to the biological process term ‘deoxyhypusine biosynthetic process from spermidine, using deoxyhypusine synthase ; GO:0050983’.
Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 1,2-diacylglycerol = NDP + 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate.
The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized.
Binding to dibutyl phthalate, C(16)H(22)O(4).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-N6-dihydrolipoyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + acetyl-CoA = (R)-N6-(S8-acetyldihydrolipoyl)-L-lysyl-[protein] + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + dihydrolipoamide = CoA + S-succinyldihydrolipoamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + H2O = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + A = AH(2) + orotate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydropterin + H2O = 7,8-dihydrolumazine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the dimethylation of two adjacent adenine residues in a rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide.
The directed movement of a dipeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a dipeptide from one side of a membrane to the other. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.
The directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.
Binding to diphenyl phthalate, C(20)H(14)O(4).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a diphosphoester to give a diphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.
Catalysis of the transfer of a diphosphate group from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: diphthine methyl ester + H2O = diphthine + H+ + methanol.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
Enables the transfer of disaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of disaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.
Binding to a disordered domain of a protein.
Binding to a misfolded protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
The action characteristic of a diuretic hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, regulates water balance and fluid secretion.
Combining with a diuretic hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell. Note that this term was split from ‘di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0055061’ (sibling term ’trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis’ ; GO:0072506’).
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell. Note that this term was split from ‘di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis ; GO:0055066’ (sibling term ’trivalent inorganic cation homeostasis’ ; GO:0072508’).
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA containing cytosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA containing 5-methylcytosine. Note that EC:2.1.1.73 was deleted from EC as the reaction is performed by DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.37).
Catalysis of the reaction: 5’-AMP-DNA + H2O = AMP + DNA; nucleophilic release of a covalently linked adenylate residue from a DNA strand, leaving a 5’ phosphate terminus.
The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.
A protein-DNA complex that contains DNA in combination with a protein which binds to and bends DNA. Often plays a role in DNA compaction.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the formation of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3’-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage to the 5’-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.
Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their removal from the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
The process of removing the PCNA complex from DNA when Okazaki fragments are completed or the replication fork terminates.
A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.
A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signalling response.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or ‘melted’, generating a region of unpaired single strands. Note that this term refers to a geometric change in DNA conformation, and should not be confused with ‘DNA topological change ; GO:0006265’.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3’-phosphomonoesters.
The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases. Note that DNA geometric change and DNA topological change (GO:0006265) are distinct, but are usually coupled in vivo.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deoxyribonucleotide(n) + deoxyribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + deoxyribonucleotide(n+m).
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA recombination.
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.
Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
A protein complex that plays a role in the process of DNA packaging.
Catalysis of the repair of a photoproduct resulting from ultraviolet irradiation of two adjacent pyrimidine residues in DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and a 3’hydroxyl group.
Binding to a DNA polymerase.
An enzyme regulator activity that increases the processivity of polymerization by DNA polymerase, by allowing the polymerase to move rapidly along DNA while remaining topologically bound to it.
Catalysis of the synthesis of a short RNA primer on a DNA template, providing a free 3’-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases.
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms ‘DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261’ and ‘RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278’.
Binding to a DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.
Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction.
Synthesis of DNA that is a part of the process of duplicating one or more molecules of DNA.
Any DNA biosynthetic process that is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication.
Any DNA biosynthetic process that is involved in mitotic DNA replication.
Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.
Binding to a DNA topoisomerase.
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle. Note that a further distinction, between type IA and type IB topoisomerases, is based on sequence or structural similarity between gene products that possess type I catalytic activity.
Binds to and increases the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) regulator activity catalyzes a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The enzyme changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase catalyzes the DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Binds to and modulates the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) regulator activity catalyzes a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Note that some gene products that possess DNA translocase activity, such as members of the FtsK/SpoIIIE family, can be fixed in place by interactions with other components of the cell; the relative movement between the protein and DNA bound to it results in movement of the DNA within the cell, often across a membrane.
The directed movement of RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or ‘melted’, generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication. Note that this term refers to a geometric change in DNA conformation, and should not be confused with ‘DNA topological change ; GO:0006265’.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons. Usage guidance: Most DNA-binding transcription factors do not have enzymatic activity. The presence of specific DNA-binding domains known to be present in DNA-binding transcription factors (HOX, GATA etc) should be used to help decide whether a protein is a DNA binding transcription factor or a coregulator. If a protein has an enzymatic activity (for example, ubiquitin ligase, histone acetyl transferase) and no known DNA binding domain, consider annotating to GO:0003712 transcription coregulator activity. Special care should be taken with proteins containing zinc fingers, Myb/SANT and ARID domains, since only a subset of proteins containing these domains directly and selectively bind to regulatory DNA motifs in cis-regulatory regions.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
Binding to a DNA-binding transcription factor, a protein that interacts with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific genes sets transcribed by RNA polymerase III. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA-dependent DNA replication.
Bridging together two regions of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.
The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template.
The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place. Note that promoter clearance is represented as a separate step, not part_of either initiation or elongation.
The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.
An activity that faciliates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.
Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex, i.e. a double helix in which a strand of DNA pairs with a complementary strand of RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Binding to a RNA/DNA hybrid.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H+ + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + dolichol = CDP + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the addition of the second glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
Catalysis of the addition of the third glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
Catalysis of the addition of the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate + dopamine + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + dehydroascorbate + H2O.
Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a dopamine receptor.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell in which the dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The directed movement of dopamine into a cell.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= dopamine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: dopaminechrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole.
A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated. In plants and animals, dormancy may be a response to environmental conditions such as seasonality or extreme heat, drought, or cold. In plants, dormancy may involve the formation of dormant buds, and may be preceded by the senescence of plant parts such as leaves in woody plants or most of the shoot system in herbaceous perennials. The exit from dormancy in vascular plants is marked by resumed growth of buds and/or growth of vascular cambium.
The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3’ terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.
Binding to double-stranded DNA.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ or 3’ terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of double-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule.
Binding to double-stranded RNA.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in double-stranded RNA molecules.
Binding to double-stranded telomere-associated DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-aminopropyl)-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2-(3-carboxy-3-(methylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphthine + NH4 = ADP + diphthamide + H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.
[xenobiotic transport; term replaced by; drug transport]
Catalysis of the reaction: a 5,6-dihydrouridine in tRNA + NAD(P)+ = a uridine in tRNA + H+ + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: dUTP + H2O = dUMP + H+ + diphosphate.
Binding to a dynactin complex; a large protein complex that activates dynein-based motor activity.
Binding to a dynein complex, a protein complex that contains two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and has microtubule motor activity.
Binding to a heavy chain of the dynein complex.
Binding to an intermediate chain of the dynein complex.
Binding to a light chain of the dynein complex.
Binding to a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex.
Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.
The action characteristic of ecdysis-triggering hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, initiates pre-ecdysis and ecdysis (i.e. cuticle shedding) through direct action on the central nervous system.
Combining with ecdysis-triggering hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + Ecdysone + O2 = 20-hydroxyecdysone + A + H2O.
Binding to 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone). Ecdysone is an ecdysteroid produced by the prothoracic glands of immature insects and the ovaries of adult females, which stimulates growth and molting.
Catalysis of the reaction: Ecdysone + O2 = 3-dehydroecdysone + H2O2.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 2. Note that in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, this activity catalyzes the conversion of 2-deoxyecdysone to ecdysone. It can also catalyze the conversion of 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (ketotriol) to 22-deoxyecdysone.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 22. Note that in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, this activity catalyzes the conversion of 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (ketotriol) to 2-deoxyecdysone.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 25. Ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, particularly metamorphosis, in insects and other arthropods. Note that in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway, this activity catalyzes the conversion of 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone (3-beta,5-beta-ketodiol) to 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (3-beta,5-beta-ketotriol).
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an ecdysteroid 22-phosphate = hydrogenphosphate + an ecdysteroid.
Catalysis of the reactions: a (3Z)-enoyl-CoA = a 4-saturated (2E)-enoyl-CoA or a (3E)-enoyl-CoA = a 4-saturated (2E)-enoyl-CoA.
The emergence of an adult insect from a pupa case.
The timing of the emergence of the adult fly from its pupal case, which usually occurs at dawn.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.
The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.
The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+.
Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.
Binding to a guanyl nucleotide, consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-L-serine = UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine.
Catalyses the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-L-serine = UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(beta-D-xylosyl)-L-serine.
A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish. Note that this term does not refer to the extraembryonic membrane surrounding the embryo of amniote vertebrates as this is an anatomical structure and is therefore not covered by GO.
A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.
Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules.
An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.
Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. Note that this term should only be be used for electron transfer that generates a transmembrane electrochemical gradient, e.g. components of the respiratory or photosynthetic electron transport chain.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: CoQH2 + 2 ferricytochrome c = CoQ + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a ubiquinol + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein].
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [elongation factor 2] = ADP + [elongation factor 2] phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer + 2-C).
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3’- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.
The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.
Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.
A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.
The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.
The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.
The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
Binds to and increases the activity of an endodeoxyribonuclease.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. Note that this term should not be confused with ‘abortive mitotic cell cycle ; GO:0033277’. Although abortive mitosis is sometimes called endomitosis, GO:0033277 refers to a process in which a mitotic spindle forms and chromosome separation begins.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3’-phosphomonoesters. Note that this activity can catalyze cleavage of DNA or RNA.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5’-phosphomonoesters. Note that this activity can catalyze cleavage of DNA or RNA.
Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA.
Any endonucleolytic RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis that is involved in tRNA processing.
Binds to and increases the activity of an endopeptidase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.
Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an miRNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an siRNA, yielding 5’-phosphomonoesters.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5’-phosphomonoesters.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of endoribonuclease.
Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.
The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).
The dormancy process that results in entry into diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation.
The dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus.
A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links.
Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme. This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme.
Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme. This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme.
Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme. This term should only be used in cases when the regulator directly interacts with the enzyme.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
An adaptor that brings together an enzyme and its substrate. Adaptors recruit the substrate to its enzyme, thus contributing to substrate selection and specificity.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-lysine-peptide.
Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to an ephrin receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.
Binding to epidermal growth factor.
Combining with an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to an epidermal growth factor receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.
An epigenetic process that capacitates gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. This regulation is exemplified by members of the trithorax group, which maintain the active state of homeotic gene transcription. Do not confuse with GO:0140673 ; co-transcriptional chromatin reassembly, which describes the reforming of chromatin after RNA polymerase II passage.
Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.
The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion.
Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence, a specific peptide sequence that ensures a protein is retained within the ER.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Unwinding a DNA helix in the 5’ to 3’ direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H+.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.
The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.
The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.
The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.
The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to an estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ethanolamine = ADP + 2 H+ + phosphoethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH4 + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.
Binding to euchromatin, a dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin.
Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4G, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2, a protein complex involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] = ADP + [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha subunit] phosphate.
Catalysis of the sulfurylation of the desulfo form of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a cofactor required for the activity of some enzymes, such as aldehyde oxidase.
Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5’ end.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.
Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.
The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.
A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ or 3’ terminus of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3’ or 5’ end to yield 5’ phosphomonoesters.
Binding to an exon-exon junction complex, a protein complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3’ or 5’ end.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3’ or 5’ end to yield 5’ phosphomonoesters. Note that this activity can catalyze cleavage of DNA or RNA.
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule in the process to generate a mature rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate(n) + H2O = polyphosphate(n-1) + phosphate.
Binds to and increases the activity of an exoribonuclease.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ or 3’ terminus of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3’ or 5’ end to yield 5’ phosphomonoesters.
The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.
Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see ’external encapsulating structure part'.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals.
The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular ammonia (NH3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The directed extracellular movement of carbohydrates.
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.
The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.
Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.
A component of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching. Extracellular matrix elastin proteins may be annotated to this term. PMID:27009176, PMID:24443019
A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
Binding to a protein that is part of an extracellular matrix.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrix glycoproteins may be annotated to this term. PMID:24443019
A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress. Extracellular matrix collagen proteins may be annotated to this term. PMID:29632050, PMID:24443019
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when extracellular phenylacetaldehyde has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term ’extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.
Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region.
The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term ‘glutamate receptor activity ; GO:0008066’.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term ‘glutamate receptor activity ; GO:0008066’.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.
Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.
Binding to the oxidized form, FAD, of flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.
The process in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is transported across a membrane. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from one side of a membrane to the other. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
The directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.
An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesoic acid + S-adenosyl-methionine = methyl farnesoate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The catalyzed reaction forms (free) geranylgeranyl diphosphate. There is no relationship between this activity and protein farnesyltransferase activity, GO:0004660, where the catalyzed reaction transfers a farnesyl group from farnesyl diphosphate to a target protein.
Any apoptotic process in a fat cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.
Catalysis of the conversion of a fatty acid to an alpha-hydroxylated fatty acid. A hydroxyl group is added to the second carbon, counted from the carboxyl end, of a fatty acid chain.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a fatty acid amide to yield a fatty acid.
Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
Binding to fatty acid derivative.
Catalysis of the ligation of a fatty acid to an acceptor, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase].
The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Binding to a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: a very long chain fatty acyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = a very long chain primary alcohol + NADP+ + CoA.
The directed movement of fatty acyl coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acyl coenzyme A is an acyl group linked to 3’-phosphoadenosine-(5’)diphospho(4’)pantatheine (coenzyme A).
Catalysis of the reaction: heme B (protoheme) + H+ = Fe(2+) + protoporphyrin IX.
Behavior associated with the intake of food. See also the biological process term ‘behavior ; GO:0007610’.
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.
The specific behavior of a female organism that is associated with reproduction.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term ‘meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013’.
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.
The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.
Binding to a ferric iron ion, Fe(III).
Binding to a ferrous iron ion, Fe(II).
Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Binding to a FFAT motif, a short motif containing diphenylalanine in an acidic tract that targets proteins to the cytosolic surface of the ER and to the nuclear membrane by binding directly to members of the VAP (VAMP-associated protein) protein family.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine-type endopeptidase.
Binding to fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.
A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds.
Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Binding to a fibroblast growth factor.
Combining with a fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand FGF. For receptors that bind other growth factors, consider annotating to terms under ’transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
Binding to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). Note that branchless is the Drosophila gene encoding fibroblast growth factor.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
Binding to a filamin, any member of a family of high molecular mass cytoskeletal proteins that crosslink actin filaments to form networks and stress fibers. Filamins contain an amino-terminal alpha-actinin-like actin binding domain, which is followed by a rod-domain composed of 4 to 24 100-residue repetitive segments including a carboxy-terminal dimerization domain.
Catalysis of the first transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. The intron branch site adenosine is the nucleophile attacking the 5’ splice site, resulting in cleavage at this position. In cis splicing, this is the step that forms a lariat structure of the intron RNA, while it is still joined to the 3’ exon.
Binding to a 23-membered macrolide lactone FK506.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.
Binding to FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.
Catalysis of the formation of disulfide bridges in proteins using FAD as the electron acceptor.
Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air, usually by means of active wing movement.
Catalysis of the movement of lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. Nomenclature note. Flippases and floppases are ATP-dependent transbilayer lipid translocators. According to an extensively used, though not universal, nomenclature, they catalyze lipid transfer towards the inward monolayer (flippases) or towards the outward monolayer (floppases). Scramblases are ATP-independent, non-selective, inducing non-specific transbilayer movements across the membrane. The direction of the translocation should be taken into account for annotation (from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane).
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + FMN = diphosphate + FAD.
Binding to flavin mono nucleotide. Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) is the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.
Enables the directed movement of flavine mononucleotide (FMN) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.
Catalysis of the reaction: formaldehyde + H2O + NAD+ = formate + 2 H+ + NADH.
Enables the transfer of formate from one side of a membrane to the other. Formate is also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.
The directed movement of formate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + formate + tetrahydrofolate = ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.
The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
Catalysis of the identification and base-pairing of homologous sequences between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA. Note that this term represents activities that do not break or form phosphodiester bonds, and is therefore not a parent of ‘site-specific recombinase activity ; GO:0009009’.
The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O + NADP+ = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + H+ + NADPH.
Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal.
Binding to a DNA segment containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.
Unwinding a DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydrofolyl-(Glu)(n+1).
Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
Binding to fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-L-fucoside + H2O = an alcohol + L-fucose.
Binding to fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of fucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of fucose or a fucose derivative.
The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate = fumarate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H+.
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine.
A molecular function regulator that cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular processes. Intrinsic GTPase activity returns the G protein to its GDP-bound state. The return to the GDP-bound state can be accelerated by the action of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).
Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that is involved in positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting a signal from one side of the membrane to the other by activating an associated G-protein, initiating a change in cell activity.
Binding to a G protein-coupled glutamate receptor (a metabotropic glutamate receptor).
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine or purine derivative binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
A G protein-coupled receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane that is part of a GPCR signaling pathway that positively regulates ion channel activity in the postsynaptic membrane.
Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + G protein-coupled receptor = ADP + G protein-coupled receptor phosphate.
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.
Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Binding to a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.
Binding to a G-protein beta subunit.
Binding to a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits.
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome.
Binding to a G-quadruplex RNA structure, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The structures of RNA and DNA G quartets differ regarding sugar conformation so that a protein binding to the RNA structure might not bind to the DNA structure.
Catalysis of the removal of uracil from a U*G mispair by the cleavage the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free uracil and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms. See also the molecular function term ’neurotransmitter receptor activity ; GO:0030594'.
Binding to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor.
Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term ‘chloride channel activity ; GO:0005254’ and ‘inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity ; GO:0005237’.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when GABA has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Binding to aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of galactosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of galactose or a galactose derivative.
Binding to a glycoside in which the sugar group is galactose.
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-GlcUA to the disaccharide galactosyl beta-1,3 N-acetylgalactosamine, a common component of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine = UDP + procollagen 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose = UDP-galactose.
The progression of the gall bladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gall bladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell, in which the gamma-aminobutyric acid acts as a neurotransmitter.
Enables the transfer of gamma-aminobutyric acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is 4-aminobutyrate (GABA).
The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. See also the biological process term ’neurotransmitter transport ; GO:0006836'.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl(in). See also the molecular function term ’neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity ; GO:0005328'.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a gamma-linked glutamate bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: epsilon-(L-gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine = L-lysine + 5-oxo-L-proline.
Catalysis of the reaction: (5-L-glutamyl)-L-amino acid = 5-oxoproline + L-amino acid.
Binding to the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin.
Binding to a gamma-tubulin complex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized.
A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cell to an adjacent cell. The gap junction can pass large solutes as well as electrical signals between cells. Gap junctions consist of two gap junction hemi-channels, or connexons, one contributed by each membrane through which the gap junction passes.
A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a gas within an organism or cell.
The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = formate + 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3’-triphosphate.
Binding to GDP, guanosine 5’-diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5’-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + H2O = GMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-glucose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate + GDP.
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from a GTPase, thereby preventing GTP from binding.
The directed movement of GDP-fucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP-alpha-D-mannose = an alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP + 2 H+. This reaction is the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
The process in which a gene’s sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.
Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
A molecular function required for core promoter activity that mediates the assembly of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme at promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC). General transcription factors (GTFs) bind to and open promoter DNA, initiate RNA synthesis and stimulate the escape of the polymerase from the promoter. Not all subunits of the general transcription factor are necessarily present at all promoters to initiate transcription. GTFs act at each promoter, although the exact subunit composition at individual promoters may vary. Usage guidance: The distinction between general transcription factors and DNA-binding transcription factors is that the latter modulate the selection of which genes are expressed under specific conditions, while general transcription factors are the constitutive machinery required for transcription initiation.
Binding to a general transcription initiation factor, a protein that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation.
The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate. Note that this is the second step in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. The first step is ‘dimethylallyltransferase activity ; GO:0004161’. Consider also annotating to the biological process term ‘farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process ; GO:0045337’.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glutamate + reduced vitamin K + CO2 + O2 = peptidyl-gamma-carboxyglutamate + vitamin K epoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: R-X + glutathione = H-X + R-S-glutathione. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrile or halide group.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gi/o subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi/o subunit subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase and results in a decrease in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate. This reaction requires NAD, which dehydrogenates the CHOH group to CO at C-5 of the glucose 6-phosphate, making C-6 into an active methylene, able to condense with the aldehyde at C-1. Finally, the enzyme-bound NADH reconverts C-5 into the CHOH form.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine.
Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.
The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.
A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signalling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a glioblast into daughter cells.
The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.
The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + CoA + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4. Note that this function was formerly EC:5.3.1.10.
Catalysis of the reaction: glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol + fatty acyl-CoA = glucosaminyl-acyl-phasphotidylinositol + CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
Binding to D- or L-enantiomers of glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate = beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Enables the transfer of glucose-6-phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of glucose or a glucose derivative.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-glucose + N-acylsphingosine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
Enables the transfer of the D-enantiomer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + ADP + H+.
Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + H2O + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a glutamate receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell, in which the glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-glutamine + H+ + NADH.
Catalysis of the formation of L-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate from L-glutamate, using NADH, NADPH or ferredoxin as hydrogen acceptors.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD(P)+ = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + H+ + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP + NH3 = L-glutamine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Binding to the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + Na+(out) = glutamate(in) + Na+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-glutamine + tRNA(Gln) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutaminyl-peptide = 5-oxoprolyl-peptide + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) + ATP = L-glutamate + glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + phosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: glutaryl-CoA + 2 H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = (2E)-butenoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].
Binding to glutathione; a tripeptide composed of the three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + electron acceptor = glutathione disulfide + electron donor.
Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-S-S-glutathione + glutathione-SH = protein-SH + glutathione-S-S-glutathione. Note that this activity is different from GO:0015038 ‘glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity’. See PMID:18992757: “Grxs [glutaredoxins] can also reduce mixed disulfides between proteins or low molecular weight thiols and GSH in reactions that require only their N-terminal active- site cysteine. It is important to note that the reduction of glutathionylated substrates through the monothiol mechanism seems to be the major activity of Grxs; all dithiol Grxs described so far catalyze these reactions, but not all dithiol Grxs catalyze the reduction of protein disulfides by the dithiol mechanism”.
Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione = 5-oxoproline + L-cysteinylglycine.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Gly-tRNA(Ala).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycerol = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a quinone = glycerone phosphate + a quinol. Note that enzymes classified as EC:1.1.5.3 have several activities. They should be annotated with the terms GO:0004368, GO:0052590 and GO:0052591.
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD(P)+ = glycerone phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine = glycerol-3-phosphate + choline.
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.
Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + lipoylprotein = S-aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + N-acylglycine.
The controlled release of glycine by a cell.
The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter.
Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid.
The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + glycine + tRNA(Gly) = AMP + diphosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + Na+(out) = glycine(in) + Na+(in).
Binding to glycogen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 ATP + 2 phosphorylase b = 4 ADP + phosphorylase a.
Binding to a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP-L-fucose = N(4)-{N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)]-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-L-fucosyl-(1->3)]-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl}-L-asparagine + GDP + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the addition of a galactosyl residue to a non-reducing O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an O-glycan.
Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.
Binding to glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosyl compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.
Binding to a glycosylated region of a protein.
The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.
Binding to a protein upon glycosylation of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require glycosylation of the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of glycosylation. It may be that the glycosylation causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of glycosylation-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycyl-peptide = CoA + N-tetradecanoylglycyl-peptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NADP+ = glyoxylate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NAD(P)+ = glyoxylate + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose + H2O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + NH4(+) = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + 2H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine.
[GO_0000004; term replaced by; biological_process]
[signaling receptor activity; GO_0004872; term replaced by]
[term replaced by; plasma membrane; GO_0005904]
[term replaced by; lipid catabolic process; GO_0006724]
[GO_0006819; term replaced by; monoatomic cation transport]
[GO_0006822; term replaced by; monoatomic anion transport]
[dicarboxylic acid transport; term replaced by; GO_0006841]
[term replaced by; amino acid transport; GO_0006866]
[biological_process; term replaced by; GO_0007582]
[term replaced by; GO_0008151; cellular process]
[term replaced by; GO_0008372; cellular_component]
[rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway; GO_0009586; term replaced by]
[term replaced by; detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound; GO_0009592]
[GO_0010554; term replaced by; neurotransmitter secretion]
[term replaced by; GO_0015457; transport]
[term replaced by; GO_0015460; transport]
[term replaced by; monoatomic cation transport; GO_0015674]
[monoamine transport; term replaced by; GO_0015873]
[obsolete reproduction; term replaced by; GO_0019952]
[term replaced by; GO_0023033; signal transduction]
[signaling; GO_0023046; term replaced by]
[term replaced by; GO_0048062; gravitaxis]
[GO_0048063; term replaced by; negative gravitaxis]
[regulation of biological process; term replaced by; GO_0050791]
[term replaced by; multicellular organismal process; GO_0050874]
[GO_0050875; term replaced by; cellular process]
[obsolete reproduction; GO_0050876; term replaced by]
[circadian rhythm; term replaced by; GO_0050895]
[GO_0051244; term replaced by; regulation of cellular process]
[term replaced by; GO_0051706; multi-organism process]
[term replaced by; GO_0051869; response to stimulus]
[term replaced by; GO_0055128; detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound]
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.
The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.
The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.
The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.
Binding to a Golgi transport complex, a multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR family.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.
Binding to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. GPI anchors serve to attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products that interact non-covalently with GPI anchors, and not proteins that have GPI anchors covalently attached.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + hydrogen peroxide = oxidized glutathione + 2 H2O.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to gravity.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + rhodopsin = ADP + phosphorhodopsin.
The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a chloride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. See also the biological process term ‘cell growth ; GO:0016049’.
The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. Also consider annotating to ‘receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018’.
Binding to a growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.
Binding to a growth factor receptor.
Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = L-ascorbate + glutathione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP=(8S)-3’,8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5’-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized.
Binding to a GTP cyclohydrolase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of GTP cyclohydrolase I. GTP cyclohydrolase I activity catalyzes the reaction: GTP + 2 H2O = formate + 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-dihydropteridine triphosphate.
Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state. This term may be used to annotate both partners in a GTP-dependent binding interaction, both the GTP-bound protein and the protein(s) which interact with it.
Binding to a GTPase activating protein.
Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a GTPase.
Binding to an RNA molecule containing GU repeats.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
The process in which a guanyl nucleotide is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which guanine is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3’,5’-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5’-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a guanyl nucleotide exchange factor.
Binding to a guanyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor and one or more other proteins, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
Binds to and increases the activity of guanylate cyclase.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3’,5’-cyclic GMP + diphosphate.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of guanylate cyclase.
Modulates the activity of guanylate cyclase.
Catalysis of the transfer of a guanylyl group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.
Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel. Stereospecificity is not exhibited but this transport may be specific for a particular molecular species or class of molecules.
A histone chaperone that carries a H3-H4 histone complex. Mammalian cells have seven known sequence variants of histone H3. These are denoted as Histone H3.1, Histone H3.2, Histone H3.3, Histone H3.4 (H3T), Histone H3.5, Histone H3.X and Histone H3.Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H3).
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H2O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate.
The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure.
The specific behavior of an organism during the emergence from an egg shell. In Drosophila for example, the larva swings its head reiteratively through a semicircular arc, using its mouth hooks to tear apart the chorion in front of it and thus free itself from within the egg shell.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a chloride channel.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-acetyl-L-lysyl-[protein] = acetate + L-lysyl-[protein].
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle.
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The increase in size or mass of the heart.
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.
Binding to a heat shock protein, a protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.
Binding to a member of the hedgehog protein family, signaling proteins involved in development.
Combining with a member of the hedgehog protein family and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.
The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.
Binding to a heme, a compound composed of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
The process in which heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfate; results in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + [heparan sulfate]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = acetate + H+ + [heparan sulfate]-alpha-D-glucosamine.
Binding to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.
Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.
The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.
An immune response taking place in the liver.
The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
An system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
Any apoptotic process in a hepatoblast.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.
An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism that involves the assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.
A process that forms a boundary that limits the spreading of heterochromatin along a chromosome.
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
Binding to heterocyclic compound.
Binding to a heterotrimeric G-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the cleavage of hexosamine or N-acetylhexosamine residues (e.g. N-acetylglucosamine) residues from gangliosides or other glycoside oligosaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
Enables the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = hexose phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Binding to high mobility group box 1 (HMBGB1).
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).
The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.
The controlled release of histamine by a cell, in which the histamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when histamine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + tRNA(His) = AMP + diphosphate + L-histidyl-tRNA(His).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidine = histamine + CO2.
Binding to an histone acetyltransferase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of histone acetyltransferase. See also the molecular function term ‘histone acetyltransferase activity ; GO:0004402’.
Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.
Binding to and carrying a histone or a histone complex to unload or deposit it as a nucleosome. The histone can be newly synthesized or result from nucleosome disassembly (either spontaneously, or by a histone chaperone).
Binding to histone deacetylase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of histone deacetylase, which catalyzes of the removal of acetyl groups from histones, proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.
Binds to and modulates the activity of histone deacetylase. See also the molecular function term ‘histone deacetylase activity ; GO:0004407’.
The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone)-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone)-N5-methyl-glutamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone H2A.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H2A. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2A-threonine (position 120) + ATP = histone H2A-phosphothreonine (position 120) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the threonine residue at position 120 of histone H2A.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a histone H2B substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H3 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H3. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 23) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 23).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 27).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl27-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl27-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of two methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 27 of histone H3, producing histone H3K27me2.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl27-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl27-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a single methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 27 of histone H3, producing histone H3K27me.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl27-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl27-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 27 of histone H3, producing histone H3K27me3.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri- or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of two methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 36 of histone H3, producing histone H3K36me2.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 36). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl36-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 36 of histone H3, producing histone H3K36me3.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri- or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of two methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 4 of histone H3, producing histone H3K4me2.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a single methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 4 of histone H3, producing histone H3K4me.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl4-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 4 of histone H3, producing histone H3K4me3.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri, a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 79) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 79). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 79 of the histone H3 protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of two methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me2.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me3.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a single methyl group to the dimethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me3.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a tri or a dimethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 17) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 17). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 17 of histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 2) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 2). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 2 of histone H3.
Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified arginine residue at position 3 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-10 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-threonine (position 11) + ATP = histone H3-phosphothreonine (position 11) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the threonine residue at position 11 of histone H3.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the threonine-3 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H4. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 16). This reaction represents the addition of an acetyl group to the lysine at position 16 of histone H4.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. Note that in some species, the methyl group may be added to a lysine in a slightly different position of the histone H4 protein, but that this term still applies.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl20-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl20-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 20 of histone H4, producing histone H4K20me.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl(20)-[histone H4] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N(6),N(6),N(6)-trimethyl-L-lysyl(20)-[histone H4] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein, producing histone H4K20me3.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(6)-methyl-L-lysyl(20)-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N(6),N(6)-dimethyl-L-lysyl(20)-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the monomethlyated lysine residue at position 20 of histone H4, producing H4K20me2.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H4)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H4)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H4, producing histone H4R3me.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.
Binding to a histone methyltransferase enzyme.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.
A catalytic activity that acts on a histone protein. Reversible histone modifications contribute to regulation of gene expression.
A chromatin remodeler activity that slides core histone octamers along chromosomal DNA. This activity is mediated by at least three subfamilies of the SNF2 remodellers, namely the bromodomain domain, the chromodomain containing and the imitation switch subfamilies.
Binding to the downstream cleavage product (DCP) generated by histone pre-mRNA 3’-end processing.
Binding to a conserved stem-loop structure found in histone pre-mRNAs.
A chromatin adaptor that recognizes specific forms of histones, either modified by a post-translational modification, or the unmodified form. Histone readers have roles in many processes, including in centromere function or in modulating the accessibility of cis-regulatory regions to the transcription machinery.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a serine residue of a histone.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a threonine residue of a histone.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a histone substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + protein = AMP + diphosphate + biotin-protein.
Binding to an HMG box domain, a protein domain that consists of three helices in an irregular array. HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NADP+ = (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: heme b + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = biliverdin + CO + Fe2+ + H+ + 3 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4’-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4’-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: holocytochrome c = apocytochrome c + heme.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisate + O2 = 4-maleylacetoacetate + H+.
The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process. Also consider annotating to ‘receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018’.
Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
Binding to a receptor for a hormone.
The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.
Catalysis of the reaction: RMP + diphosphate = R + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfate; results in 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: estradiol-17-beta + NADP+ = estrone + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH + H+. See also ’long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0016509'.
Catalysis of the acetylation of an amino acid residue of a peptide or protein, according to the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-acetylpeptide.
Binds to and stimulates the hydrolysis and exchange of adenyl nucleotides by other proteins.
Binding to a Hsp70 protein, heat shock proteins around 70kDa in size.
Binding to Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of water.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid phosphorus-nitrogen bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-nitrogen bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-sulfur bond, C-S.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ether or thioether bond, -O- or -S- respectively.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any N-glycosyl bond.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O = 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine + GDP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 4 porphobilinogen = hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH4. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.3.1.8.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypyruvate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + NADP+ = hydroxypyruvate + NADPH + H+.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.
Binding to an inhibitory SMAD signaling protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Binding to an identical protein or proteins.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the L-iduronate 2-sulfate units of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + IkappaB protein = ADP + IkappaB phosphoprotein. Note that phosphorylation of IkappaB targets it for proteasomal degradation and allows the nuclear translocation of kB.
Binding to a IkappaB kinase complex.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + protein L-tyrosine = ADP + protein L-tyrosine phosphate by a non-membrane spanning protein.
Binding to an imaginal disc growth factor receptor.
Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in a cell to initiate an immune response.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. Note that this term is a direct child of ‘biological_process ; GO:0008150’ because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501).
Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + H2O = 5-formamido-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5’-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5’-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H2O = adenosine 5’-phosphate + phosphate.
The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the nuclear pore complex, a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that allows the transfer of macromolecules. Note that this term is meant to be used for nuclear pore proteins. For importins and exportins, consider ’nuclear import signal receptor activity’ or ’nuclear export signal receptor activity’, respectively.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14’.
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14’ and ‘TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24’.
The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.
The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Enables the transfer of a inorganic phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
Binding to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate.
Binding to inositol hexakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphate + ATP = inositol phosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphate(n) + H2O = inositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from an inositol phosphate.
A intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is transmitted within the cell via an inositol phosphate. Includes production of the inositol phosphate, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Inositol phosphates are a group of mono- to poly-phosphorylated inositols, and include inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol tetrakisphosphate + ATP = inositol pentakisphosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol trisphosphate + ATP = inositol tetrakisphosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate. Note that this is a compound function and should be replaced by ‘GO:0052659 : inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity’ and ‘GO:0052658 : inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity’.
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.
Combining with insulin receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to an insulin receptor.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.
Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.
Binding to a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.
Binding to an insulin-like growth factor, any member of a group of polypeptides that are structurally homologous to insulin and share many of its biological activities, but are immunologically distinct from it.
Binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor.
The component of the Golgi membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the muscle cell projection membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the nuclear outer membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the organelle membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the pigment granule membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the synaptic membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of the vacuolar membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that have some part that penetrates at least one leaflet of the membrane bilayer. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer.
Binding to an integrin.
The movement of substances between cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads.
The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized.
The transport of lipids between membranes in which a lipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RRACH = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RRm6ACH; R is a purine, and H is C, A, or U.
The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when prophase of meiosis or mitosis begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for meiosis or mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction.
Any process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into fatty acids and monoglycerides of lipids in the small intestine. Lipids are broken down by lipases released by the pancreas.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.
A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a calcium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cGMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride across the membrane of an intracellular compartment. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The directed movement of lipids within cells.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), within a cell.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of cations by a channel that opens when phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a receptor located within a cell.
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in positive regulation of cell growth.
An intracellular signaling module that is part of larger signaling pathways that can be initiated either intracellularly or by cell surface receptors. Intracellular signaling cassettes are discrete signaling units that are often shared by multiple signaling pathways.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel that opens in response to stimulus by a sodium ion or ions. Transport by a channel involves facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. Sodium activated potassium channels have distinctive properties, including a large single channel conductance, subconductance states, and a block of single channel currents at positive potentials, similar to inward rectification.
The directed movement of sterols within cells.
The directed movement of substances within a cell.
Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when calcium ions bind on the intracellular side of the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
Binding to an intraciliary transport particle B (IFT B) complex.
The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver).
Enables the transport of a lipid from a region of a membrane to a different region on the same membrane.
The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized.
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells. An instance of intramembranous ossification may also be classified as metaplastic; the former classifies based on tissue type location, and the latter based on mechanism/cell division.
The catalysis of certain rearrangements of a molecule to break or form a ring.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor, which is an aldose or a ketose, are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more sulfur-sulfur bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.
Catalysis of the transfer of a functional group from one position to another within a single molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from one position to another within a single molecule.
The component of the Golgi membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane.
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products having some covalently attached portion, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, which spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Note that proteins intrinsic to membranes cannot be removed without disrupting the membrane, e.g. by detergent.
The component of the nuclear outer membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane.
The component of the organelle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane.
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane.
The component of the synaptic membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane.
The component of the vacuolar membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel.
Catalyzes the reaction: 2 iodide + L-tyrosine + 2 NADP+ = 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine + H+ + 2 NADPH. Note that this activity has only been demonstrated in the direction of 3-deiodination. 3-bromo-L-tyrosine and 3-chloro-L-tyrosine can also be used as substrates.
Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of an ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of an ion channel.
Modulates the activity of a channel via direct interaction with it. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Modulation of the activity of an ion channel via direct interaction with it as part of G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell.
A process in which an ion is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms ‘glutamate-gated ion channel activity ; GO:0005234’ and ‘cation channel activity ; GO:0005261’.
Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.
The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific odorant has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a soluble compound has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a calcium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) is unknown.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. Note that triphosphate is used as a phosphate donor by at least one kinase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location. Examples of protein carriers include the soluble TIM chaperone complexes of S. cerevisiae Tim9-Tim10 and Tim8-Tim13, that provide a shuttle system between TOM and the membrane insertases TIM22 and SAM and, thus, ensure that precursors are kept in a translocation-competent conformation.
The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.
Directly binding to and delivering iron ions to a target protein.
The directed movement of an iron coordination entity into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to an iron (Fe) ion.
Binding to an iron ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an iron ion transmembrane transporter. An example of this is human hepcidin (UniProt symbol P81172), which regulates iron transport out of cells (see PMID:15514116).
The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to an iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5’- and 3’-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins.
Binding to an iron-sulfur cluster, a combination of iron and sulfur atoms.
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: isocitrate + NAD(P)+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-isoleucine + ATP + tRNA(Ile) = L-isoleucyl-tRNA(Ile) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-methylacyl-CoA = (2R)-2-methylacyl-CoA.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, and no oxidized product appears.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: isopentenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate.
Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = 3-methyl-(2E)-butenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to an external stimulus.
Binding to JUN kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family.
Catalysis of the reaction: JNKK + ATP = JNKK phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinases (JNKKs).
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinase kinases (JNKKKs).
Catalysis of the reaction: JUN kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = JUN kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to juvenile hormone acid.
Binding to a juvenile hormone, a sesquiterpenoid derivative that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the epoxide in a juvenile hormone to the corresponding diol.
Binding to a juvenile hormone response element (JHRE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to juvenile hormone.
Catalysis of the reaction: methyl (2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate + H2O = (2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate + methanol. A carboxylesterase that hydrolyzes the ester linkage of juvenile hormone.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).
Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 in the target protein.
Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein.
Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.
An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms ‘ionotropic glutamate receptor activity ; GO:0004970’ and ‘cation channel activity ; GO:0005261’.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + calmodulin L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + calmodulin N6-methyl-L-lysine.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues. This enzyme catalyzes a transferase reaction.
Binding to ATP, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
Binding to a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a histone.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.
Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with kinesin, a member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.
The binding activity of a protein that brings the kinetochore and another molecule into contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from kynurenine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.
Enables the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine is the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid.
The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-allo-threonine = glycine + acetaldehyde.
The directed movement of L-alpha-amino acid across a membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-amino acids, the L-enantiomers of amino acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an L-amino acid.
Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.
The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 L-ascorbate + O2 <=> 4 monodehydroascorbate + 2 H2O.
Binding to L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.
The directed movement of L-aspartate across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.
Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Interacts with and increases L-dopa decarboxylase activity. GO:0036478 is reserved for cases when the activator directly interacts with L-dopa decarboxylase. When activation of L-dopa decarboxylase activity is achieved without enzyme binding, or when the mechanism of regulation is unknown, instead annotate to ‘positive regulation of L-dopa decarboxylase activity ; GO:1903200’.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopa + H+ = CO2 + dopamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactose + NAD+ = L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+.
The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-glutamine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.
The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-iditol + NAD+ = L-sorbose + NADH + H+. Note that enzymes with this activity also act on D-glucitol (giving D-fructose) and other closely related sugar alcohols.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine).
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-leucine = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamatic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-leucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The directed movement of L-lysine across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of L-lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-lysine is 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin -> L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin.
The directed movement of L-ornithine across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + H2O = L-serine + phosphate, on a free amino acid. Do not confuse with protein phosphatases. For protein phosphatases, consider GO:0004722 ; protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity or GO:0008138 ; protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine = pyruvate + NH3. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.3.1.13.
Enables the transfer of L-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-serine is the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + L-serine = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + choline.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-1-phosphatidylethanolamine + L-serine <=> L-1-phosphatidylserine + ethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3. Note that this function was formerly EC:4.2.1.16.
Enables the transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tyrosine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamatic acid.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.
Catalysis of the reaction: lactate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = glutathione + methylglyoxal.
Binding to lamin; any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.
Binding to a laminin, a major glycoprotein constituent of the basement membrane of cells.
Combining with a laminin, a glycoprotein that constitutes the majority of proteins in the basement membrane, to initiate a change in cell activity. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product. Consider also annotating to the molecular function terms ‘cell adhesion molecule binding ; GO:0050839’ and ‘receptor binding ; GO:0005102’ and the biological process term ‘cell adhesion ; GO:0007155’.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Binding to large ribosomal subunit RNA (LSU rRNA), a constituent of the large ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 25S rRNA.
Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics. See also the biological process term ‘behavior ; GO:0007610’.
Locomotory behavior in a larval (immature) organism. See also the biological process term ’locomotory behavior ; GO:0007626'.
Fine-tuning the spatial position of a larva in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of a larva in the direction of a food source.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized.
Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or ‘resting’ state.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
Binding to 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + ATP + tRNA(Leu) = AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+ + Leu-tRNA(Leu).
Combining with a leucokinin, any of several octapeptide hormones found in insects, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542).
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine + 2 sulfur + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + 2 L-methionine + 2 5’-deoxyadenosyl.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand and that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets. Examples include the lac and trp repressors in E.coli and steroid hormone receptors. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003700 ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic anion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ions by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic cation by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-carbon bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-oxygen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a phosphoric ester bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a ligase.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a light stimulus.
Binding to a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.
Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan.
Binding to a linear polymer of ubiquitin. Linear ubiquitin polymers are formed by linking the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next.
Binds to and increases the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.
Binding to a lipid antigen.
Binding to a lipid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested lipids into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.
The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid.
Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = a lipid + phosphate.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Removes a lipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. This results in intermembrane transfer of lipids.
The translocation, or flipping, of lipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Enables the transfer of a lipid from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The directed movement of lipids into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.
Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
Binding to lipoic acid, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid.
Binding to a lipopolysaccharide.
Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
Binds to and increases the activity of a lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid within a lipoprotein.
Binding to a lipoprotein particle. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
Combining with a lipoprotein particle and delivering the lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. This term is intended for cell surface receptors that bind and internalize a lipoprotein particle. For members of the lipoprotein receptor family that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms ‘signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023’ and its children, or ‘reelin receptor activity ; GO:0038025’.
Binding to a lipoprotein particle receptor.
Binding to lipoteichoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl-[protein] + octanoyl-[ACP] = H+ + holo-[ACP] + N6-octanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein].
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lipoyl-5’-AMP + L-lysyl-[lipoyl-carrier protein] = (R)-N6-lipoyl-L-lysyl-[lipoyl-carrier protein] + AMP + 2 H+.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.
Binding to a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA).
Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.
Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism’s internal state and external conditions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
Binding to a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs have chain lengths of C13 or more.
Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA + H2O = a long-chain fatty acid + CoA + H+. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons. While there is not universal consensus on the lengths of short-, medium-, long- and very-long-chain fatty acids, the GO uses the definitions in ChEBI (see CHEBI:26666, CHEBI:59554, CHEBI:15904 and CHEBI:27283).
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a long-chain fatty acid residue. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. Also see ‘3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity ; GO:0003857’.
Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].
Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain aldehyde + CoA + NADP+ = a long-chain acyl-CoA + NADPH.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Binding to a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.
Combining with a low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.
Binding to a low-density lipoprotein receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD+ = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: an epoxide + H2O = a glycol.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.
The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.
The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.
Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.
Hydrolysis of Lys48-linked ubiquitin unit(s) from a ubiquitinated protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys).
Binding to a histone in which a lysine residue has been modified by acetylation.
Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: lysophosphatidic acid + H2O = phosphate + monoacylglycerol.
Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to a lysophospholipid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the beta-(1->4) linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
Binds to and increases the activity of m7G(5’)pppN diphosphatase.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-methylguanosine 5’-triphospho-5’-polynucleotide + H2O = 7-methylguanosine 5’-phosphate + polynucleotide.
Binding to a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule.
The removal of palymitoyl groups from a macromolecule.
The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.
Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion.
The directed movement of magnesium ion across a membrane.
The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
A process which maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins at the active zone to ensure the fusion and docking of vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters.
A process that preserves the structural organistation and orientation of a synaptic cellular component such as the synaptic cytoskeleton and molecular scaffolds.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH + H+. For decarboxylation of oxaloacetate (the second substrate listed in EC:1.1.1.38), see ‘oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity ; GO:0008948’.
Catalysis of the reversible conversion of pyruvate or oxaloacetate to malate.
A process in which a malate ion is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of malate from one side of a membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
The directed movement of malate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process during courtship where the male insect extends his wings. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process during wing vibration where the male insect produces a species-specific acoustic signal called a love song.
The process during courtship where the male insect vibrates his wings. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.
Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of malate with the concomitant production of pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NADP+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl (HOOC-CH2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
Binding to a manganese ion (Mn).
A process in which a manganese ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-mannose = ADP + D-mannose 6-phosphate.
Binding to mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GTP = diphosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to a mannose residue in the GPI lipid precursor.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of mannosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of mannose or a mannose derivative.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->6) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-D-mannose residues in oligo-mannose oligosaccharides.
The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphorylated MAP kinase + H2O = a MAP kinase + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase tyrosine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphate + H2O = MAP kinase serine/threonine/tyrosine + phosphate.
The binding activity of a molecule that functions as a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) complex. Binds multiple kinases of the MAPKKK cascade, and also upstream signaling proteins, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Bringing together multiple enzymes and their substrates enables the signal to be transduced quickly and efficiently.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. MAPK cascades lie downstream of many cell surface receptors and cooperate in transmitting various extracellular signals to the nucleus. One way by which the specificity of each cascade is regulated is through the existence of several distinct components in each tier of the different cascades. The cascades are typically named according to the component in the MAPK tier.
The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.
The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
Binding to an MCM complex.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. Note that most helicases catalyze processive duplex unwinding.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-polyprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Note that the polyprenyl sidechain substrate for this reaction has a different number of prenyl units in different organisms (for example, ubiquinone-6 in Saccharomyces, ubiquinone- 9 in rat and ubiquinone-10 in human), and thus the natural substrate for the enzymes from different organisms has a different number of prenyl units. However, the enzyme usually shows a low degree of specificity regarding the number of prenyl units.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NADP+ = pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+. For decarboxylation of oxaloacetate (the second substrate listed in EC:1.1.1.40), see ‘oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity ; GO:0008948’.
Combining with a mechanical force and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel whose activity is modulated in response to mechanical stress. Response to mechanical stress and voltage gating together is different than the sum of individual responses. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl-medium-chain fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase]. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 6 to 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a medium-chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a medium-chain trans-(2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A medium chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received at a time ago that is intermediate between that of short and long term memory (30min - 7hrs in Drosophila melanogaster).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions. Note that this term should not be confused with ‘GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division’. ‘GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while ‘GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division’ specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the meiotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. This term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation should be to ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (e.g. mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase which begins after cytokinesis and ends when meiotic prophase begins. Meiotic cells have an interphase after each meiotic division, but only interphase I involves replication of the cell’s DNA. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a meiotic cell cycle. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs.
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized.
The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
The infolding of a membrane.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.
The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).
Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ubiquitin units from Met1-linked (or linear) polyubiquitin chains.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(in) = solute(in) + Na+(out).
Binding to a cluster of atoms including both metal ions and nonmetal atoms, usually sulfur and oxygen. Examples include iron-sulfur clusters and nickel-iron-sulfur clusters.
Binding to a metal ion.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell.
Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a metal ion.
Binding to a metal ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves NEDD8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-methionine + tRNA(Met) = AMP + diphosphate + L-methionyl-tRNA(Met).
Binds to and modulates the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase. See also the molecular function term ‘methionine adenosyltransferase activity ; GO:0004478’.
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + L-methionyl-tRNA + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + N-formylmethionyl-tRNA.
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane driven by a methyl transfer reaction. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute’s concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
Binding to a methylated cytosine/guanine dinucleotide.
Binding to a histone in which a residue has been modified by methylation.
The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of an acceptor molecule.
Binding to a protein upon methylation of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require methylation of the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of methylation. It may be that the methylation causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of methylation-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + CoA + NAD+ = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD+ = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate = S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleic acid or protein acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-phosphomevalonate + ATP = (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ADP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) + (protein)-L-cysteine = DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) + protein S-methyl-L-cysteine.
Binding to a major histocompatibility complex molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation. Note that this term does not include binding to the antigen peptide bound to the MHC protein, for this also annotate to ‘peptide antigen binding ; GO:0042605’ or one of its children.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.
An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.
Binding to the minus end of a microtubule.
A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term ‘microtubule binding ; GO:0008017’.
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules (‘de novo’ microtubule formation).
Catalysis of the transfer of tubulin dimers to the plus end of a microtubule. The reaction is reversable depending on the availability of dimers.
Binding to the plus end of a microtubule.
The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.
The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization.
The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached.
Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
A protein-containing complex stabilizing activity that prevents dissociation of microtubules.
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with ‘microvillus’ as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta.
Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).
The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.
Binding to a DNA structure formed by the minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA regions. Examples of proteins having this function are AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-containing proteins.
A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule toward the minus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol + O2 = D-glucuronate + H2O + H+.
Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.
A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.
A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. miRNAs are endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants, whereas siRNAs are present in lower animals and in plants.
An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.
Catalysis of the removal of single bases present in mismatches by the cleavage the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.
Catalysis of the reaction: biotin amide + H2O = biotin + NH3.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.
A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.
A process in which mitochondrial chromosomal DNA and associated proteins organize into a compact, orderly structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.
The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The process in which a mitochondrial gene’s sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The covalent alteration within the mitochondrion of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs.
The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.
Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.
A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the transport of proteins into the mitochondrion via the mitochondrial inner membrane translocase complex. See also the cellular component term ‘mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex ; GO:0005744’.
A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes.
Binding to a mitochondrial ribosome.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3’ end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5’ end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
Any RNA modification that takes place in mitochondrion.
The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Binding to a single subunit mitochondrial RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).
The process in which the 3’ end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA in the mitochondrion.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a mitochondrial tRNA molecule.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a mitochondrial tRNA molecule to produce a mitochondrial tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group, in the mitochondrion.
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 ‘mitosome’ or GO:0042566 ‘hydrogenosome’. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
Any DNA recombination that takes place in mitochondrion.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
Binding to a mitochondrion targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the mitochondrion.
Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.
Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. Note that this term should not be confused with ‘GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division’. ‘GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while ‘GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division’ specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the mitotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. This term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation should be to ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (e.g. mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
The eukaryotic cell cycle in which a cell is duplicated without changing ploidy, occurring in the embryo.
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
Any nuclear DNA replication that is involved in a mitotic cell cycle.
Any DNA duplex unwinding involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
Any DNA ligation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when mitotic prophase begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is ‘regulation of x/y phase transition’ or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.
A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis. This process only occurs in organisms which undergo ‘closed mitosis’ without nuclear breakdown.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.
Binding to a protein upon post-translation modification of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require a post-translational modification: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of the modification. It may be that the PTM causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of modification-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
Binding to a modified amino acid.
Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
Directly binding to a specific ion or molecule and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location. Note that a carrier moves with its substrate/cargo, while a transporter does not move with the cargo, but facilitates the change in localization.
Binding and bringing together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to organize as a molecular condensate.
A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.
A molecular function regulator that inhibits or decreases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.
A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition.
A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another molecule (for example a protein or a lipid) where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation. Use this term to annotate conjugated tags, not for conjugating enzymes. At the time of writing, all known gene products with this activity are ubiquitin-like, either based on overall sequence similarity or the presence of common motifs and structures.
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ’no data’ (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of ‘function’ in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
Binding to a molybdenum ion (Mo).
Binding to a molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.
Catalysis of the reaction adenylyl-molybdopterin + molybdate = molybdenum cofactor + AMP.
The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monocarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = monocarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).
Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell.
The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.
Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monovalent cation(out) + H+(in) = monovalent cation(in) + H+(out).
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell.
[monovalent inorganic cation transport; term replaced by; inorganic cation transmembrane transport]
Acts as a trigger for a pattern specification process when present at a specific concentration within a gradient.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.
The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.
Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore. Note that in GO cellular components include whole cells (cell is_a cellular component).
Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3’ terminus of a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m7G(5’)pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5’)pppRm-RNA. R may be guanosine or adenosine.
Binding to a region containing frequent adenine and uridine bases within the 3’ untranslated region of a mRNA molecule or in pre-mRNA intron. The ARE-binding element consensus is UUAUUUAUU. ARE-binding proteins control the stability and/or translation of mRNAs.
Binding to a 3’ untranslated region of an mRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + G(5’)pppR-RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m7G(5’)pppR-RNA. m7G(5’)pppR-RNA is mRNA containing an N7-methylguanine cap; R may be guanosine or adenosine.
Catalysis of the removal of a 5’ terminal diphosphate from the 5’-triphosphate end of an mRNA, leaving a 5’-monophosphate end.
A 5’-end triphospho-[mRNA] + H2O = a 5’-end diphospho-[mRNA] + H+ + phosphate.
Binding to an mRNA molecule at its 5’ untranslated region.
A translation repressor activity that acts by base-pairing with an mRNA. The binding can result in targeting the mRNA for degradation or interfering with mRNA translation, hence resulting in posttranscriptional gene silencing. This term is indended for microRNAs that act by base-pairing with a target mRNA.
Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns.
Binding to a mRNA cap binding complex.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic ‘message’, transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
Any process that decreases the stability of an mRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. Messenger RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. It includes UTR and coding sequences. It does not contain introns.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic ‘message’, transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. The term ‘RNA editing’ (GO:0016547) was merged into ‘RNA modification’ (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing. Parallel changes were made for substrate (e.g. tRNA, rRNA, etc.) specific child terms of ‘RNA editing’.
Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3’- end of an RNA or DNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain ‘de novo’. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA or DNA fragment, or oligo(A) bearing a 3’-OH terminal group.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptide-L-methionine + H2O + thioredoxin disulfide = peptide-L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the R enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of the reactions: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin, and L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the S enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone, a class of proteins complexed to DNA in chromatin and chromosomes.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate + ATP = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + H+ + phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.
The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). Note that this term was ‘developmental process’.
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
[multicellular organism metabolic process; term replaced by]
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
[multicellular organismal catabolic process; term replaced by]
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism.
[multicellular organismal lipid catabolic process; term replaced by]
Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
The transfer of information occurring at the level of a multicellular organism.
GlcNAc-MurNAc-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine + H2O = GlcNAc-MurNAc-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate + D-alanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.
A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Binding to muscle isoforms of actinin. Muscle alpha-actinin isoforms are found in skeletal and cardiac muscle and are localized to the Z-disc.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.
A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection.
The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.
The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.
The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.
The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-5-diphosphomevalonate + ATP = ADP + CO2 + H+ + isopentenyl diphosphate + phosphate.
Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle.
The action characteristic of myostimulatory hormone, a peptide hormone that inhibits muscle contraction.
Binding to a myosin; myosins are any of a superfamily of molecular motor proteins that bind to actin and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments.
Binding to the head/neck region of a myosin heavy chain.
Binding to a heavy chain of a myosin complex.
Binding to a class II myosin, any member of the class of ‘conventional’ double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.
Binding to a heavy chain of a myosin II complex.
Binding to a light chain of a myosin II complex.
Binding to a class III myosin; myosin III is monomeric and has an N terminal kinase domain.
Binding to a light chain of a myosin complex.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myosin-light-chain = ADP + myosin-light-chain phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphomyosin + H2O = myosin + phosphate.
Binds to and modulates of the activity of myosin phosphatase.
Binding to a class V myosin; myosin V is a dimeric molecule involved in intracellular transport.
Binding to a class VI myosin. The myosin VI heavy chain has a single IQ motif in the neck and a tail region with a coiled coil domain followed by a unique globular domain, a unique insertion that enables myosin VI to move towards the pointed or minus end of actin filaments.
Binding to the head/neck region of a myosin VI heavy chain.
Binding to a heavy chain of a myosin VI complex.
Binding to a light chain of a myosin VI complex.
The action characteristic of myostimulatory hormone, a peptide hormone that stimulates muscle contraction.
Combining with the peptide myosuppressin to initiate a change in cell activity.
The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein]= 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a myristoyl (CH3-[CH2]12-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl group = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + an aralkylamine = CoA + an N-acetylaralkylamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + ATP = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane. Note that this function was formerly EC:3.1.1.69.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol = UDP + N,N’’-diacetylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol.
Catalysis of the transfer, in a beta 1,3 linkage, of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) from UDP-D-glucuronic acid to N-acetyllactosamine (galactosyl beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine).
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylneuraminate 9-phosphate + H2O = N-acylneuraminate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate = phosphate + N-acylneuraminate 9-phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic links in 1,3-alpha-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N6-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP.
Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A).
Binding to an RNA molecule modified by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.
The process in which a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transported across a membrane; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of NAD from one side of a membrane to the other. NAD carrier
The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction does not require the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + a quinone = NAD(P)+ + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide.
Binding to the oxidized form, NAD, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NAD+ = ADP + 2 H+ + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: amino acyl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)-amino acyl-[protein] + nicotinamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein].
Binding to the reduced form, NADH, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + a quinone = NAD+ + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + acceptor = NAD+ + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADHX = (S)-NADHX.
Binding to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NADP+, or the reduced form, NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NADP+ = NAD+ + phosphate.
Binding to the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H2O = NADH + hydrogenphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized adrenodoxin + NADPH + H+ = reduced adrenodoxin + NADP+. Note that this term specifically refers to the reaction proceeding in the direction shown; under physiological conditions adrenodoxin reduction by adrenodoxin reductase is coupled with electron transfer from AdR to P450, which catalyzes an irreversible monooxygenation reaction. This term should therefore be used to annotate gene products that catalyze the reduction of oxidized adrenodoxin; also consider annotating to the molecular function term ‘ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity ; GO:0004324’.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+ + L-glutamate.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that may be gated or ungated.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-alpha-acetylpeptide. This reaction is the acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide or protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5’ end of a non-coding RNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs).
Any process that results in the conversion of one or more primary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts into one or more mature ncRNA molecules.
Catalysis of the initiation of the NEDD8 (RUB1) conjugation cascade.
Isoenergetic transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y -> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both the X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-NEDD8 + S –> X + S-NEDD8, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-NEDD8 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-NEDD8 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y –> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 are covalent linkages.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism away from the source of gravity.
The directed movement of a cell or organism away from a source of light.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acid-sensing ion channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-(1->3)-fucosyltransferase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of intramembrane cleaving aspartic-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-galactosidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport. human HRC regulates RYR2 and thus regulates transmembrane transport of calcium from SR to cytosol
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
Any cellular process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates carried out by repression of transcription.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to caffeine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemorepellent activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3’,5’-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5’-phosphate.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of diacylglycerol kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport.
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dUTP diphosphatase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eclosion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of euchromatin binding.
Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exodeoxyribonuclease activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exoribonuclease activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forward locomotion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-quadruplex DNA binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABA-A receptor activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene’s coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
An epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronosyltransferase activity. i2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase splice species alter glucuronidation activity of i1 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase splice species
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission. An example of this is Rab3gap1 in mouse (Q80UJ7) in PMID:16782817 inferred from mutant phenotype
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate-ammonia ligase activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. An example of this is P2xA in Dictyostelium (UniProt symbol Q86JM7) in PMID:24335649.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a helicase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency or rate of heme oxygenase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone demethylase activity (H3-K4 specific).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an iron transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leucine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysozyme activity.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methionine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by ‘capping’ at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.
A process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translational elongation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3’-UTR binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NAD kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an NAD molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of netrin-activated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of NMDA glutamate receptor activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
The process of restoring the photoreceptor cell to its unexcited state after termination of the stimulus (photon).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oviposition.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidate phosphatase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase A2 activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase D activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary amine oxidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein O-linked glycosylation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. Overexpression of cathepsin C propeptide significantly increased the degradation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to calcium ion.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase III activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.
Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of saliva secretion.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of sweet taste.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity. Serinc proteins form a complex with serine and sphingolipid biosynthesis enzymes and regulates their activity through regulation of the substrate availability
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase binding.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization. HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
Any process that stops or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thioredoxin peroxidase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of threonine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA processing.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner’s vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male’s tail.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of water channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-O-P bond in the AP site created when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base, involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER). Note that this term is does not have parentage in the ’nuclease activity’ branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis. Class II AP endonuclease is a nuclease, but not Class I, III and IV.
Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
The process by which hemolymph is filtered based on size and charge through a nephrocyte filtration barrier formed by the basement membrane and nephrocyte diaphragm.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell towards a higher concentration of netrin.
Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell away from a higher concentration of netrin.
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a netrin protein to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Netrins can act as chemoattractant signals for some cells and chemorepellent signals for others. Netrins also have roles outside of cell and axon guidance.
A collagen trimer that forms networks.
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.
The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.
The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.
The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.
The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
The process of rod cavitation, which is the formation of a lumen in the neural rod during primary neurulation, producing the neural tube.
The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.
Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.
The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.
The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
Generation of cells within the nervous system.
Binding to a member of the neuroligin protein family, neuronal cell surface proteins that mediate synapse formation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuromedin U, a hypothalamic peptide involved in energy homeostasis and stress responses.
Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.
The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. In vertebrates, the term ’neuromuscular junction’ is limited to synapses targeting skeletal muscle fibers - all of which are cholinergic and excitatory. Both inhibitory and excitatory neuromuscular junctions exist in invertebrates, utilizing a range of neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA and 5-HT.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.
A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube. In vertebrates, the term ’neuromuscular junction’ is limited to synapses targeting the myotubes of skeletal muscle (AKA skeletal muscle fibers). Neuromuscular junctions targeting other muscle cell types exist in invertebrates such as the mononucleate somatic muscles of nematodes.
Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.
Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.
Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.
The process of cell death in a neuron. This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide or use of neuron-specific markers) show that neuron death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the neuron death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of ‘cell death’ (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 ‘programmed necrotic cell death’ or GO:0006915 ‘apoptotic process’), and the cell type captured as an annotation extension; or the term GO:0051402 ’neuron apoptotic process’ may be considered, if appropriate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite.
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signalling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine.
The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.
An action potential that occurs in a neuron.
The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. Note that ‘cell body’ and ‘cell soma’ are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections.
The receptor ligand activity of any polypeptide expressed in, and secreted from a neuron.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators).
Combining with neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of more than 28 residues (typically 28-45) with a consensus C-terminal RxRFamide (commonly RPRFa, but also RVRFa. Despite their naming, neuropeptide F (NPF) and short neuropeptide F (sNPF) are not closely related.
Binding to a neuropeptide F receptor.
The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.
Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a neuropeptide receptor.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.
Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A strict definition of neurotransmitter receptor activity would limit its use to receptor activity at the postsynaptic membrane as part of synaptic transmission, but we recognize that usage is often much broader than this. For the strict use case, please see ‘postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity’
Neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane that is involved in regulating postsynaptic membrane potential, either directly (ionotropic receptors) or indirectly (e.g. via GPCR activation of an ion channel).
A molecular function that directly (via physical interaction or direct modification) activates, inhibits or otherwise modulates the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor. Modulation of activity includes changes in desensitization rate, ligand affinity, ion selectivity and pore-opening/closing.
The directed movement of neurotransmitter molecules from the extrasynaptic space into the presynaptic cytosol.
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in).
Binding to a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth. Note that mammalian NT-5 was initially named differently from amphibian NT-4 because of sequence differences, but the two genes were later shown to be functionally equivalent [SF:919858].
Combining with a neurotrophin, any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons. There are two classes of receptors for neurotrophins: p75 and the Trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors.
Enables the transfer of neutral amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3.
The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral L-amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = neutral L-amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.
Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H+ + nicotinate.
Binding to nitric oxide (NO).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+.
Binding to nitric-oxide synthase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of nitric oxide synthase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase. See also ‘regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity ; GO:0050999’.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitric oxide + H2O + ferricytochrome c = nitrite + ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+. Note that EC:1.7.99.3 was merged into this term.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = product(s) of nitrate reduction + reduced acceptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.
The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages. The name of this receptor comes from its selective activation by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-ribosylnicotinamide + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + nicotinamide mononucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine + phosphate.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-proteingenic amino acids.
Catalysis of a multistep reaction that produce non-ribosomal peptides. The key chain-building reaction, a C-N bond-forming reaction, involves the generation of the characteristic peptide bond by nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino-acyl donor unit covalently bound to a downstream peptidyl carrier protein module (amino acyl-S-PCP) on the acyl group of an upstream electrophilic acyl- or peptidyl acyl-S-PCP chain, catalyzed by a condensation (C) domain. Supplementing these core chain-elongation domains are variable numbers of auxiliary domains that are responsible for modification of the growing polypeptide chain by a small set of iterated reactions including epimerization, N-methylation, and heterocyclization. Examples are the ferrichrome synthetase Sib1 in S. pombe and the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) module in bacterial nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), which holds the peptidyl group and acts as a swinging arm, limiting diffusion until the peptide comes into contact with the next enzymatic module in the NRPS process.
The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.
Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
Binding to norepinephrine, (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol), a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.
Binding to a Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: metal ion(in) + H+(out) = metal ion(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. Note that this term is meant to specifically represent the ATPase activity of proteins using ATP as a source of energy to drive a reaction. If possible, gene products should also be annotated to a child of ‘ATP-dependent activity ; GO:0140657’, to capture their overall function.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + (5’)pp-Pur-mRNA = diphosphate + G(5’)ppp-Pur-mRNA; G(5’)ppp-Pur-mRNA is mRNA containing a guanosine residue linked 5’ through three phosphates to the 5’ position of the terminal residue.
Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5’ to 3’ direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3’ terminus of an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 5-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.
A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any DNA duplex unwinding that is involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
Any DNA ligation that is involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. Note that this term applies only to free amino acids. Consider ‘protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity’ or ‘protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity’ if you want to annotate a protein phosphatase.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.
Combining with a nuclear export signal (NES) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of a the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the nuclear lumen to the cytoplasm. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.
The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA.
Binding to a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor.
Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.
Binding to a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.
The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus.
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.
Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.
The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.
The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane.
The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.
A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytoplasm, which leads to its tranlocation to the nucleus. Usage guidance: Nuclear receptors are a protein family defined by the presence of a C4-type zinc finger DNA-binding domain and a ligand binding domain. For nuclear receptors, the DNA binding motif is most often referred to as a response element. GO:0004879 is intended for annotation of nuclear receptors that regulate transcription by binding directly to DNA. When the nuclear receptor functions by binding to other transcription factors or transcription factor complexes, consider instead annotating to ‘GO:0030374 ; nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity’ or GO:0140536 ; nuclear corepressor activity.
Binding to a nuclear receptor protein. Nuclear receptor proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors which are regulated by binding to a ligand.
A transcription coactivator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003712 ; transcription coregulator activity.
A transcription corepressor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Nuclear receptor corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription nuclear receptor corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003712 ; transcription coregulator activity.
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
Binds to and increases the activity of a nuclease.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. Note that ’tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity ; GO:0009022’, also known as ‘ribonuclease PH’, and ‘DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906’ do not have parentage in the ’nuclease activity’ branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a nuclease.
The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus.
Binding to a nucleic acid.
The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of a nucleic acid. This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term.
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of a nucleic acid. This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.
Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information.
The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a nucleic acid template (DNA or RNA). Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Binding to a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
Binding to and carrying a cargo between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by moving along with the cargo. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane, and is not traversed.
The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.
Binding to a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside diphosphate + H2O = a nucleoside monophosphate + phosphate.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside.
Binding to nucleoside phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.
The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + AMP = nucleoside diphosphate + ADP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a nucleotide + H+ + diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
Binds to and modulates the activity of an NTPase.
Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
A histone octamer slider activity that spaces nucleosomes along chromosomal DNA. This activity is involved in assembling chromatin in uniform nucleosome arrays to regulate transcription by RNA polymerases I, II, and III, as well as DNA replication, recombination and repair. In Drosphila, this is mediated by ISWI, in human, by SMARCA5 and in S. cerevisiae by ISW1 and and ISW2.
Binding to a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate.
Binding to a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside.
The directed movement of nucleotide across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5’-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5’-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5’-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5’-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell’s chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components.
Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H2O = AMP + NMNH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: IDP + H2O = IMP + H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-dGDP + H2O = 8-oxo-dGMP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-GDP + H2O = 8-oxo-GMP + phosphate.
Functions in the storage of nutritious substrates. Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete terms ‘storage protein ; GO:0005187’ and ‘storage protein of fat body (sensu Insecta) ; GO:0008041’.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of sialic acid to an acceptor molecule, typically the terminal portions of the sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) or to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins.
Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-phosphonooxypyruvate + L-glutamate.
OBSOLETE. A part of an axon, a cell projection of a neuron. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
OBSOLETE. The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. This term was obsoleted because it was redundant with the root class of the cell ontology, CL:0000000.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. This term was obsoleted because it is an unnecessary grouping term.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. A typical neuron consists of a cell body (often called the soma), an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. This term was obsoleted because it is an unnecessary grouping term.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-octanol + NAD+ = 1-octanal + H+ + NADH.
Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl (CH3-[CH2]6-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
Combining with the biogenic amine octopamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Octopamine is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates and can have properties both of a hormone and a neurotransmitter and acts as an adrenergic agonist.
The controlled release of octopamine by a cell.
The controlled release of octopamine by a cell, in which the octopamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
Binding to an odorant, any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).
The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond in an oligopeptide, i.e. a molecule containing a small number (2 to 20) of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds.
Binding to an oligopeptide.
The process in which an oligopeptide is transported across a membrane. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
Binding to an oligosaccharide, a molecule with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
Enables the transfer of oligosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of oligosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligosaccharides are molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.
Catalysis of the transfer of a oligosaccharyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the cleavage of non-standard peptide bonds releasing substituted amino acids such as pyroglutamate or cleave isopeptide bonds, such as many deubiquitinating enzymes.
Catalysis of the reaction: a monoamide of a dicarboxylic acid + H2O = a dicarboxylate + NH3.
The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte.
The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
The cytoplasm of an ovum.
Binding to an opsin, any of a group of hydrophobic, integral membrane glycoproteins located primarily in the disc membrane of rods or cones, involved in photoreception.
The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.
Eye, head or whole body movements that help to compensate movements of the environment in order to stabilize its image on the retina. In the case of whole body movements, these motor actions may also stabilize a locomotor course in response to some disturbance. Examples include: the optokinetic reflex, which allows human eyes to follow objects in motion while the head remains stationary reflex; the optomotor responses of flying insects and swimming fish.
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.
An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.
A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other.
The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.
The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Binding to an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.
Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.
The developmental process in which an organism emerges from a surrounding protective structure such as an egg or pupa case.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
Enables the transfer of organophosphate esters from one side of a membrane to the other. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organophosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = organophosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ornithine is 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + H+ = CO2 + putrescine.
Binds to and increases ornithine decarboxylase activity.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ornithine decarboxylase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase.
The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + a 2-oxo acid = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + an L-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + orotidine 5’-phosphate = CO2 + UMP.
Sensing extracellular osmolarity to initiate a change in cell activity, and spanning the membrane of the cell.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. Note that this term does not have a ‘developmental process’ parent because ossification isn’t necessarily developmental, can also occur as part of bone remodeling. Instead use ‘ossification involved in bone maturation ; GO:0043931’.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an outwardly rectifying potassium channel.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct.
The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water.
The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.
Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of a membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.
The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2.
Enables the transfer of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of oxaloacetate(2-) across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated nucleobase within DNA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a nucleobase within DNA + formaldehyde + succinate + CO2.
The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized residue.
Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized purine residue.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3’ of the apyrimidinic (AP) site. Consider also annotating to the molecular function term ‘DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906’.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or a related compound.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a heme protein.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a nitrogenous group.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and one oxygen atom is incorporated into a donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or related compound.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or similar compound.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which X-H and Y-H form X-Y.
Primary active transport of a solute across a membrane, driven by exothermic flow of electrons from a reduced substrate to an oxidized substrate. Primary active transport is catalysis of the transport of a solute across a membrane, up the solute’s concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a primary energy source.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, of a 3-hydroxy acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + lipoamide = S-succinyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.
Binding to oxygen (O2).
Binding to oxygen and delivering it to an acceptor molecule or a specific location.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of oxygen within an organism or cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).
Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of oxygen (O2).
The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3 O2 + protoporphyrinogen IX = 3 H2O2 + protoporphyrin IX.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.
Binding to a P-element, a class of Drosophila transposon responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate.
Transport systems of this type enable facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside 3’,5’-cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside 5’-phosphate.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase kinase; each MAP kinase kinase can be phosphorylated by any of several MAP kinase kinase kinases.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’,5’-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine + ATP = sphingosine 1-phosphate + ADP.
Binding to a P-TEFb complex.
Catalysis of the movement of lipids from one membrane leaflet to the other, driven by ATP hydrolysis. This includes flippases and floppases.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mn2+(in) = ADP + H+ + Mn2+(out) + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) -> ADP + phosphate + Na+(out); by a phosphorylative mechanism. Note that RHEA:14633 represents both the ABC and the P-type sodium transporters.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).
Primary active transporter that auto-phosphorylates (hence P) at a key conserved aspartate residue, generating a conformational change that allows transport of the substrate. Hydrolysis of the phosphorylated Asp residue, catalyzed by the actuator (A) domain, results in another state with occluded substrates. Upon dissociation of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate (Pi), the enzyme reverts to the initial state, in which the counter-transported substrate is released into the cytosol.
Binds to and increases the activity of a GTPase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. Note that the name Sar derives from ‘secretion-associated, Ras-related’.
Binding to one of the p53 family of proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + phosphatidate = diphosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol.
Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoleyl group, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoyl moiety from some substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + H+ + palmitoyl-CoA = 3-dehydrosphinganine + CO2 + CoA.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.
Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the pancreas forms a bud.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pantothenate = ADP + D-4’-phosphopantothenate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylsulfate = ADP + 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube.
The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to 5’-AMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor.
Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.
Binding to a patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.
Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + choline phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-choline.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-beta-aspartate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-beta-aspartate methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’,5’-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) = ADP + pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate.
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate.
Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin -> Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of a pentosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase.
Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-L-methionyl peptide + H2O = formate + methionyl peptide.
Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals.
Binding to a receptor for a peptide hormone.
The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-glutamate in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate-peptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-serine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-L-serine-peptide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
Combining with a peptidoglycan and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response. Note that only peptidoglycan recognition proteins with receptor activity should be annotated to this term; otherwise use ‘peptidoglycan binding ; GO:0042834’ instead.
A catalytic activity that contributes to the degradation of peptidoglycan.
Enables the transfer of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group to a sulphur atom within a cysteine residue of a protein. This term should not be used to annotate the nitrosylating action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) if the nitroso group is synthesized directly on the substrate.
Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.
The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
The modification of peptidyl-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.
The modification of peptidyl-proline.
The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine.
The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4’-phospho-L-tyrosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidylamidoglycolate = peptidyl amide + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-glycine + ascorbate + O2 = peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) + dehydroascorbate + H2O.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system.
A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: a donor + a peroxide = an oxidized donor + 2 H2O.
Binding to a type 1 peroxisome targeting signal, a tripeptide with the consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-L.
Binding to a type 2 peroxisome targeting signal, a nonapeptide with a broad consensus sequence of (R/K)-(L/V/I)-(XXXXX)-(H/Q)-(L/A/F).
Binding to a peroxisomal membrane targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome membrane.
Binding to a peroxisomal targeting sequence, a sequence of amino acids within a protein that acts as a signal for the localization of a protein into the peroxisome.
Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithol + ROOH = [protein]-disulfide + H2O + ROH. Includes redox chemistry as part of the catalytic reaction (2 R’-SH = R’-S-S-R’), where R’ refers to peroxiredoxin itself). Not to be confused with GO:0004601 (peroxidase activity, EC:1.11.1.7), which has a different reaction mechanism.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-sulfanylglutathione + O2 + H2O = sulfite + glutathione + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + ethanolamine phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-ethanolamine.
Primary active transporter of a solute across a membrane, via the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. The transport protein may be transiently phosphorylated (P-type transporters), or not (ABC-type transporters and other families of transporters). Primary active transport occurs up the solute’s concentration gradient and is driven by a primary energy source.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
A gated channel activity that enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in pH.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in proton concentration (pH). While the term suggest this activity may be proton-gated, the mechanism of pH-gating for transporters is by protonation of specific residues in the protein, and not by H+ binding.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.
The developmental process by which a pharyngeal gland is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pharynx are generated and organized.
A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of ‘xenobiotic metabolism’ because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-phenylalanine + tRNA(Phe) = AMP + diphosphate + L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).
Binding to phenylalkylamine or one of its derivatives.
Binding to a pheromone, a substance, or characteristic mixture of substances, that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
Combining with a pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity. A pheromone is a substance used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behavior.
Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phosphoglycerate + NAD+ = 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+.
Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphatase.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Binding to a phosphatase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
Binding to a phosphate ion.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.
The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
Binding to phosphatidic acid, any of a class of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.
Removes a phosphatidic acid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. Phosphatidic acid refers to a glycophospholipids with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + ceramide = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + sphingomyelin.
Binding to a phosphatidylcholine, a glycophospholipid in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.
Enables the directed movement of phosphatidylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phosphatidylcholine refers to a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group from phosphatidylcholine to an oxygen atom on a cardiolipin molecule.
Binding to a phosphatidylethanolamine, a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.
Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).
Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3’ position of the inositol ring.
Binding to the catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The catalytic subunit catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3’ position of the inositol ring.
Modulates the activity of any of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Regulatory subunits can link a PI3K catalytic subunit to upstream signaling events and help position the catalytic subunits close to their lipid substrates. See also the molecular function term ‘phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity ; GO:0035004’.
Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate. An example of this is KCNJ2 in human (P63252) in PMID:18690034 (inferred from direct assay)
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + H2O = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol + a carboxylate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol monophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + phosphatidylinositol = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol.
Catalysis of the removal of the 5-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate + phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3’ position.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3’ and 4’ positions.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3’, 4’ and 5’ positions.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3’ and 5’ positions.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4’ position.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol + orthophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4’ and 5’ positions.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5’ position.
Binding to phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + phosphatidyl-L-serine = CO2 + phosphatidylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction involving the transfer of a phosphatidate (otherwise known as diacylglycerol 3-phosphosphate) group.
Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: source of phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 + other reaction products.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a phosphofructose substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+.
Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
Binds to and increases the activity of a phospholipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a glycerophospholipid.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which proceeds with inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity and a subsequent decrease in the levels of cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). This term is intended to cover steps in a GPCR signaling pathway both upstream and downstream of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition.
Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase D.
Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism. Nomenclature note. Scramblases are ATP-independent, non-selective, translocases inducing non-specific transbilayer movements across the membrane. Flippases and floppases are ATP-dependent transbilayer lipid translocators. According to an extensively used, though not universal, nomenclature, they catalyze lipid transfer towards the inward monolayer (flippases) or towards the outward monolayer (floppases).
Removes a phospholipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet. Note that this term describes the transbilayer motion of individual phospholipid molecules, and should not be confused with ‘phospholipid scrambling ; GO:0017121’.
The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Binding to phosphopantetheine, the vitamin pantetheine 4’-(dihydrogen phosphate).
Binding a substrate via a thioester at the terminal thiol of a covalentely linked phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediating protein-protein interactions with cognate enzymes for processing or offloading of the thiol-bound substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(R)-4-phosphonatopantothenoyl]-L-cysteinate + H+ = CO2 + pantetheine 4’-phosphate.
Binding to a phosphorylated protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + 2 H+ = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + 5’-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide = tetrahydrofolate + 5’-phosphoribosyl-5-formamido-4-imidazolecarboxamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ATP = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide = tetrahydrofolate + N2-formyl-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.
Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R’ + H2O = RPOOH + R’H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
Catalysis of the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Modulation of the activity of the enzyme phosphorylase kinase.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues in a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of a subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which signal in response to cytokines and exposure to environmental stress. JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) is a dual-specificity protein kinase kinase and requires activation by a serine/threonine kinase JUN kinase kinase kinase.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires diacylglycerol.
Binding to a phosphorylated serine residue within a protein.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a nitrogenous group (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of two phosphate groups from a donor, such as ATP, to two different acceptors.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor).
Binding to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the ‘critical day length’. The critical day length varies between species.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.
The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate + orthophosphate.
Catalysis of the removal of the 4-phosphate group of a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate. Note that this function includes EC:3.1.3.65.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Binding to a pigment, a general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte. Note that the chromatophore mentioned here is distinct from the pigment bearing structure found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. It is also different from the plant chromoplast, which is also sometimes called a chromatophore.
A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.
Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.
The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
Binding to a piRNA, a Piwi-associated RNA, a 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.
Binding to piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). An example of this is rhi in Drosophila melanogaster (Q7JXA8) in PMID:24906153 (inferred from direct assay).
Removes phosphatidylinositol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Note that this term describes the trans-bilayer motion of a population of phospholipid molecules, and should not be confused with ‘phospholipid translocation ; GO:0045332’.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane. Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass.
Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), releasing phosphatidic acid (PA).
A motor activity that generates movement along a microfilament towards the plus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis. The minus end of an actin filament is the end that does not preferentially add actin monomers.
A motor activity that generates movement along a microtubule toward the plus end, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = D-mannose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-L-fucosyl residue from GDP- beta-L-fucose to the serine hydroxy group of a protein acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA template and a 3’hydroxyl group.
Binding to polymeric ADP-D-ribose, a polymer that is composed of poly-ADP-D-ribose units linked through 1,2-glycosidic bonds at the ribose ring.
Binding to a stretch of purines (adenine or guanine) in an RNA molecule.
Binding to a stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycogen + phosphate = maltodextrin + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3’ end of eukaryotic mRNA.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) at glycosidic (1’’-2’) linkage of ribose-ribose bond to produce free ADP-ribose.
Binding to a sequence of guanine residues in an RNA molecule.
Binding to a sequence of uracil residues in an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the oxidative degradation or interconversion of polyamines.
The process in which a polyamine macromolecule is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to the gamma-carboxyl group(s) of one or more specific glutamate residues on a tubulin molecule.
A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = a polynucleotide + phosphate. Hydrolyzes the free 3’-phosphate resulting from single strand breaks in DNA due to oxidative damage.
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5’-dephosphopolynucleotide = NDP + 5’-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5’-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate.
Increases the activity of the enzyme polynucleotide adenylyltransferase.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + polypeptide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-polypeptide. This reaction is the modification of serine or threonine residues in polypeptide chains by the transfer of a N-acetylgalactose from UDP-N-acetylgalactose to the hydroxyl group of the amino acid; it is the first step in O-glycan biosynthesis.
Catalysis of the transfer of multiple prenyl groups from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA(n+1) + phosphate = RNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.
Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Combining with a polysaccharide and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Binding to a polysome.
Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination of the target protein.
Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl phosphate D-mannose + protein = dolichyl phosphate + O-D-mannosylprotein. Note that this activity has never been observed in green plants. However, N- and C-mannosylation may occur in these species; see figure 1 in PMID:21558543.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + n oxidized hemoprotein = NADP+ + n reduced hemoprotein.
Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
Any process that starts or increases the frequency or rate of 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acid-sensing ion channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-(1->3)-fucosyltransferase activity.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of argininosuccinate synthase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of intramembrane cleaving aspartic-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of beta-galactosidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemorepellent activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3’,5’-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5’-phosphate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of diacylglycerol kinase activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dUTP diphosphatase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eclosion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoribonuclease activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of euchromatin binding.
Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exodeoxyribonuclease activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exoribonuclease activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of forward locomotion.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-quadruplex DNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABA-A receptor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene’s coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronosyltransferase activity. i2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase splice species alter glucuronidation activity of i1 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase splice species
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, where glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter. An example of this is Rab3gap1 in mouse (Q80UJ7) in PMID:16782817 inferred from mutant phenotype
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate-ammonia ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycine hydroxymethyltransferase activity, the catalysis of the reaction 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + L-serine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a helicase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heme oxygenase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of histone demethylase activity (H3-K4 specific).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an iron transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that increases the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leucine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Lys63-specific deubiquitinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysozyme activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of m7G(5’)pppN diphosphatase activity.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in an increase in the rate or frequency of a MAPKKK cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of methionine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule minus-end binding.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the ‘de novo’ formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occuring in the mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translational elongation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3’-UTR binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NAD kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an NAD molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of netrin-activated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of NMDA glutamate receptor activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oviposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidate phosphatase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase D activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polynucleotide 3’-phosphatase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein O-linked glycosylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process. overexpression of cathepsin C propeptide significantly increased the degradation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP)
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to calcium ion.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity. An example of this is DRE2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (UniProt ID P36152) in PMID:24733891 (inferred from mutant phenotype).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.
Any process that increases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of sweet taste.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity. Serinc proteins form a complex with serine and sphingolipid biosynthesis enzymes and regulates their activity through regulation of the substrate availability
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of serotonin into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO transferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of threonine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.
Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.
Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in neuron differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that increases the activity of triglyceride lipase.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA methylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA processing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner’s vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male’s tail.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme monophenol oxygenase.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-specific protease (deubiquitinase) activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of water channel activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in an increase in the rate, frequency or extent of a Wnt signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.
The inactivation of gene expression that occurs after transcription.
The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome. This term should only be used to annotate a protein modification process that occurs after the protein has been released from the ribosome, and is therefore strictly post-translational. Modification of a free protein (one not attached to a ribosome) and modification of a C-terminal residue are post-translational processes. Some protein modifications occur while the protein is still in the ribosome but before translation has been completed; these modification processes are considered co-translational and should not be annotated using this term.
The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.
The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the postsynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
Neurotransmitter receptor activity occuring in the postsynaptic membrane during synaptic transmission.
Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse. Do not directly annotate. This term is intended for automatically grouping annotations to signal transduction classes extended with has_start_location/occurs_in postsynapse or one of its parts.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds activation of a potassium ion channel.
Binds to and increases the activity of a potassium channel, resulting in its opening.
Activation potassium ion channel activity via direct interaction with a potassium ion channel during G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Examples include G-protein beta-gamma complexes that bind to and activate potassium channels.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a potassium channel.
Binding to a potassium ion (K+).
Enables the transport of a potassium ion across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or ‘resting’ state.
A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(in) + H+(out) = K+(out) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Na+(out) = K+(in) + Na+(in).
Binding to a POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) domain of a protein, a protein-protein interaction domain found in many transcription factors.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-leucine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-leucine methyl ester. This modification occurs only at the oxygen atoms of the free alpha carboxyl group of a leucine residue at the C-terminus of the protein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Binding to a PRC1 complex.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 27). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 27 of the histone H3 protein.
Any process involved in forming distinct miRNA isoforms from a mature miRNA that differ at their 3’-ends.
Binding to a precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA) transcript, a stem-loop-containing precursor of microRNA.
A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.
Binding to a pre-mRNA 3’ splice site sequence.
Binding to a pre-mRNA 5’ splice site sequence.
Binding to a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein that may contain introns and, at least in part, encodes one or more proteins. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA to form a mRNA molecule.
Binding to a pre-mRNA branch point sequence, located upstream of the 3’ splice site.
Binding to an intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).
Binding to a pyrimidine-rich (CU-rich) intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3’-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain ‘de novo’.
The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann’s organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Binding to a preribosome.
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton.
A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic active zone.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the presynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.
Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.
Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse. Do not directly annotate. This term intended for grouping. Annotate to either a subclass or to some other subclass of signal transduction extended with has_start_location/occurs_in presynapse or one of its parts. Such extensions will result in automatic annotation to this term.
Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute’s concentration gradient, by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is powered by a primary energy source. Primary energy sources known to be coupled to transport are chemical such as ATP hydrolysis, redox energy and photon energy.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
The regulated release of a primary amine by a cell.
The regulated release of a primary amine by a cell, in which the primary amine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary amino compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.
The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.
Catalysis of the reaction: pristanoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein.
Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that is not already methylated, resulting in symmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N’(omega)-dimethyled arginine residues. Note that type II protein arginine N-methyltransferase enzymes possess ‘protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity ; GO:0035241’ and ‘protein-arginine omega-N symmetric methyltransferase activity ; GO:0035243’.
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-farnesyl protein + diphosphate. The catalyzed reaction transfers a farnesyl group from farnesyl diphosphate to a target protein. There is no relationship between this activity and farnesyltransferase activity, GO:0004311, where the catalyzed reaction forms (free) geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
The extension, through direct muscle actions, of the proboscis (the trunk-like extension of the mouthparts on the adult external head) in response to a nutritional stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0).
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
Combining with the neuropeptide proctolin, to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a proctolin receptor.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term ‘modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040’. Also, note that ‘programmed cell death ; GO:0012501’ should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. ‘programmed cell death ; GO:0012501’ may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 ‘programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species’ (with descendants GO:0010421 ‘hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death’ and GO:0010343 ‘singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death’), and GO:0009626 ‘plant-type hypersensitive response’ and its children.
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-proline + tRNA(Pro) = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + acceptor = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a dipeptide with proline at the C-terminal = L-proline + a standard alpha amino acid.
Binding to a proline-rich region, i.e. a region that contains a high proportion of proline residues, in a protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.
Bridging together two cis-regulatory elements, colloquially referred to as promoters and/or enhancers, holding two loop anchors together to maintain a chromatin loop. Note that GO does not separately defines enhancers, since this concept is very close to that of cis-regulatory elements. However the literature refers to ‘promoter-enhancer loops’ to describe loops that bring together cis-regulatory elements. Note also that while SO defines ‘promoter’ as the core promoter, here it is used to mean a cis-regulatory element.
Binding to a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA.
The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors.
The series of events contributing to equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin E(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin D(2).
Binding to a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
Binding to a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, which promotes unfolding of protein substrates, and channel opening of the core proteasome.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenylyl-protein+ H2O = adenylate + protein; mediates the removal of an adenylyl (adenosine 5’-monophosphate; AMP group) from specific residues of target proteins.
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein arginine phosphate + H2O = protein arginine + phosphate. Made part of peptidyl-N-phospho-arginine phosphatase activity on the assumption that arginine phosphorylation in proteins occurs via an N link.
The conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein; required for the degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.
Binding to a protein.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of a carboxyl group at the C-terminal of a protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester.
Binding to a protein C-terminus, the end of a peptide chain at which the 1-carboxyl function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a carboxyl group on a protein.
Binding to and carrying a protein between two different cellular components by moving along with the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term ‘protein maturation ; GO:0051604’ and its children.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a presynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.
Any protein degradation process, occurring at a presynapse, that regulates synaptic transmission. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.
The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a protein.
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.
The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
The removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.
The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein as part of a process of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism.
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.
Binding to a specific domain of a protein.
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.
Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process.
Catalysis of the covalent addition of a geranylgeranyl (20-carbon isoprenoid) group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue at or near the C terminus of a protein.
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
Binding to a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein histidine phosphate + H2O = protein histidine + phosphate. This eukaryotic enzyme dephosphorylates phosphorylated histidine residues within proteins and peptides. The enzyme acts on phosphate groups attached to both the pros- (RHEA:47964) and tele- (RHEA:47960) nitrogen atoms, but the pros- position is somewhat preferred (by a factor of two at the most) (EC:3.9.1.3).
Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer.
The addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid.
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.
Binding to a protein kinase A. Note that this term is a direct child of ‘protein binding ; GO:0005515’ because it encompasses binding to either the catalytic or regulatory subunit of protein kinase A, and the latter does not have kinase activity.
Binding to one or both of the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A.
Binding to one or both of the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A.
Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.
Binding to protein kinase C.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase.
Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin filament bundle.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.
Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.
A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.
A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule.
A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.
The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule.
Any process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.
A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to or removed from a target protein.
A protein modification process in which one or more covalently attached groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are removed from a target protein.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.
Binding to a protein N-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 2-amino (or 2-imino) function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine, or UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine.
The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.
The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.
Binding to a protein phosphatase 1.
Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.
Binds to and increases the activity of a protein phosphatase.
Binding to a protein phosphatase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein phosphatase.
Binding to a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
Catalysis of the covalent addition of an isoprenoid group such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue in a protein.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
Binding to a domain within the same polypeptide.
Binding to a protein to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.
The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.
A molecular function exhibited by a protein that is covalently attached (AKA tagged or conjugated) to another protein where it acts as a marker, recognized by the cellular apparatus to target the tagged protein for some cellular process such as modification, sequestration, transport or degradation. Use this term to annotate conjugated tags, not for conjugating enzymes. At the time of writing, all known gene products with this activity are ubiquitin-like, either based on overall sequence similarity or the presence of common motifs and structures.
The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another.
Increases the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a tyrosyl phenolic group on a protein.
Binding to protein tyrosine kinase.
Combining with collagen and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein tyrosine kinase.
Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a tyrosyl phenolic group of a protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. This reaction requires metal ions.
Catalysis of the reactions: protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.
Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.
Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues. Note that type I protein arginine N-methyltransferase enzymes possess ‘protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity ; GO:0035241’ and ‘protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity ; GO:0035242’.
Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group to either of the unmethylated terminal nitrogen atoms (also called omega nitrogen) in peptidyl-arginine to form an omega-N-G-monomethylated arginine residue. The reaction is S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [protein]-L-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [protein]-Nomega-methyl-L-arginine. Type III protein arginine methyltransferases catalyze the single methylation of one of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the guanidino group in an L-arginine residue within a protein. Unlike type I and type II protein arginine methyltransferases, which also catalyze this reaction, type III enzymes do not methylate the substrate any further.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
Binding to a macromolecular complex.
A molecular function that involves direct binding to one of the subunits of a protein-containing complex and promoting the dissociation of one or many subunits. This often happens by changing the conformation of the protein being bound, which decreases its affinity for the rest of the complex.
The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
A molecular function that involves direct binding to one of the subunits of a protein-containing complex, thus preventing an interaction with a factor that would promote dissociation of the complex.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteinyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + S-methyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. Note that this term is intended to classify complexes that have DNA as one of the members of the complex, that is, the complex does not exist if DNA is not present. Protein complexes that interact with DNA e.g. transcription factor complexes should not be classified here.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.
Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to a specific residue on a target protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein N-methyl-L-glutamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-glutaryl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD(+) = 2’’-O-glutaryl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide. This reaction is the removal of a glutaryl group from a glutarylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.
Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a specific glutamate residue on a target protein.
Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a glycine residue covalently attached to the gamma-carboxyl group of a glutamate residue on a target protein, resulting in the elongation of a polyglycine side chain.
Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of a glycine residue to the gamma-carboxyl group(s) of one or more specific glutamate residues on a target protein.
Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N(tele)-methyl-L-histidyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Binding to a protein-lipid complex, any macromolecular complex that contains both protein and lipid molecules.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.
The binding activity of a protein that brings together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. The adaptor can bring together two proteins, or a protein and another macromolecule such as a lipid or a nucleic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-malonyllysine + H2O => protein-lysine + malonate. This reaction is the removal of a malonyl group (CO-CH2-CO) from a malonylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-terminal L-asparaginyl-[protein] + H+ + H2O = N-terminal L-aspartyl-[protein] + NH4+. This reaction is the deamidation of an N-terminal asparagine residue in a peptide or protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-terminal L-glutaminyl-[protein] + H2O = N-terminal L-glutamyl-[protein] + NH3. This reaction is the deamidation of an N-terminal glutamine residue of a protein.
The binding activity of a protein that brings together another protein and an RNA, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N(6)-succinyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD+ = 2’’-O-succinyl-ADP-D-ribose + L-lysyl-[protein] + nicotinamide. This reaction is the removal of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) from a succinylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that is incorporated into protein naturally by ribosomal translation of mRNA, and that has a specific codon for translation from mRNA to protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that is incorporated into protein naturally by ribosomal translation of mRNA, and that has a specific codon for translation from mRNA to protein.
Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. This term was intentionally placed under ‘protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538’ rather than ‘protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163’ to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein processing.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.
The action characteristic of prothoracicotrophic hormone, a peptide hormone that is secreted by the brain and, upon receptor binding, acts on the prothoracic gland to stimulate the release of ecdysone in insects.
Catalysis of the reaction: protoheme IX + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = heme O + diphosphate.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.
The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of a oligopeptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.
Enables the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate by the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other by a rotational mechanism driven by a gradient according to the reaction: ADP + H2O + phosphate + H+(in) -> ATP + H+(out).
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + acceptor = protoporphyrin IX + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + H2O = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + a fatty acid. This reaction removes the fatty acid attached to the sn2-position. Substrates include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, choline plasmalogen and phosphatides.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA uridine = RNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1’-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1’-C5. Note that this term should not be confused with ‘pseudouridylate synthase activity ; GO:0004730’, which refers to the formation of free pseudouridine from uracil and ribose-5-phosphate.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + uracil = H2O + pseudouridine 5’-phosphate. Note that this term should not be confused with ‘pseudouridine synthase activity ; GO:0009982’, which refers to the intramolecular isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine.
Binding to a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) Binding to a phosphotyrosine-bindin domain.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA = 2E-enoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylglycerol + phosphate.
cGMP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of cGMP.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Binding to a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.
The process in which a purine nucleobase is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
Binding to a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The process in which a purine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
Binding to a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Enables the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
The process in which a purine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Catalysis of the reaction: purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Binding to a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + L-homocysteine = cystathionine + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + amino group acceptor = succinate semialdehyde + amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + NADP+ = 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal + H2O + O2 = 4-pyridoxate + hydrogen peroxide.
Binding to pyridoxal 5’ phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5’ phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.
Binding to a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.
The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyrimidine nucleoside + phosphate = pyrimidine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the removal of mismatched pyrimidine bases in DNA. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove pyrimidines present in mismatches by cleaving the N-C1’ glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the reaction: a pyrimidodiazepine + oxidized glutathione = 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin + 2 glutathione.
Catalysis of the release of the N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a peptide or protein.
Combining with a pyrokinin and transmitting the signal within the cell to induce a change in cell activity. Pyrokinins are a group of insect neuropeptides that share the common C-terminal pentapeptide sequence Phe-X-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2 (X = S, T, K, A, or G). They play a central role in diverse physiological processes including stimulation of gut motility, production and release of sex pheromones, diapause, and pupariation.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + H2O = H+ + 2 phosphate.
Enables the transmembrane transport of one proton (H+), driven by the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, and generating a proton motive force.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + pyruvate = ADP + 2 H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + lipoamide = S-acetyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.
Enables the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
The directed movement of pyruvate across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine34 in tRNA + queuine = guanine + queuosine34 in tRNA.
Binding to a quaternary ammonium group, including glycine betaine, choline, carnitine and proline. A quaternary ammonium group is any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.
Enables the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.
The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.
Binding to a quinone, any member of a class of diketones derivable from aromatic compounds by conversion of two CH groups into CO groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone.
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rab, thereby preventing GTP from binding.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = 2 S-geranylgeranyl-protein + 2 diphosphate. This reaction is the formation of two thioether linkages between the C-1 atom of the geranylgeranyl groups and two cysteine residues within the terminal sequence motifs XXCC, XCXC or CCXX. Known substrates include Ras-related GTPases of a single family and the Rab family.
Catalysis of the interconversion of the two enantiomers of a chiral amino acid or amino acid derivative.
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule. Note that ’epimerase’ refers to the conversion of an epimer into its diastereoisomer, and ‘racemase’ refers to the interconversion of the two enantiomers of a chiral compound.
Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in an amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribose = ADP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: retinol + NAD+ = retinal + NADH + H+.
Binding to a DNA sequence encoding a ribosomal RNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to decrease the ability of the receptor agonist to bind and activate the receptor.
The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).
Binding to a receptor that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acid-sensing ion channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. The ion channels through which current flows during an action potential should be annotated to the process ‘action potential’. Gene products involved in modulating the characteristics of an action potential via changing the expression levels or the activity of these channels (e.g. modulating their kinetics or voltage sensitivity) should be annotated to this regulation term.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aerobic respiration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-(1->3)-fucosyltransferase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process. An example of this is human FKBP1A/12 (UniProt symbol P62942) in PMID:24499793 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis that results in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. Q10943 in PMID:22801495, inferred from mutant phenotype
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of arginase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of argininosuccinate synthase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intramembrane cleaving aspartic-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
Any process that modulates the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.
Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the posterior movement of an organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport. human HRC regulates RYR2 and thus regulates transmembrane transport of calcium from SR to cytosol
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent ATPase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium:sodium antiporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.
Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.
Any process that modulates the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a carbohydrate phosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of catalase activity.
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the maintenance of a steady state of a cell type within a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism’s life history.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation resulting in the maintenance of a steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemorepellent activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of choline O-acetyltransferase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.
Any process the modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly. Chromatin assembly is the assembly of DNA, histone proteins, and other associated proteins into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin disassembly. Chromatin disassembly is the controlled breakdown of chromatin from a higher order structure into its simpler subcomponents, DNA, histones, and other proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity, combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3’,5’-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5’-phosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of D-erythro-sphingosine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of diacylglycerol kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of dipeptide transport. Dipeptide transport is the directed movement of a dipeptide, a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-) link, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA N-glycosylase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dUTP diphosphatase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the emergence of an insect from a pupa-case or of a larva from an egg.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of euchromatin binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exodeoxyribonuclease activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exonuclease activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exoribonuclease activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the willingness or readiness of a female to receive male advances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrochelatase activity; catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrin + Fe2+ = protoheme + 2 H+.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the anterior movement of an organism.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-quadruplex DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABA-A receptor activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene’s coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.
Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose-6-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronosyltransferase activity. i2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase splice species alter glucuronidation activity of i1 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase splice species
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission. An example of this is Rab3gap1 in mouse (Q80UJ7) in PMID:16782817 inferred from mutant phenotype
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate-ammonia ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of grooming behavior.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism’s development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I.
Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, or rate of heme oxygenase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone deacetylase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone demethylase activity (H3-K4 specific).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular calcium activated chloride channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an iron transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kainate selective glutamate receptor activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leucine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysozyme activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of m7G(5’)pppN diphosphatase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that modulates the proportions or spatial arrangement of lipids in a cellular membrane.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of methionine-tRNA ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule minus-end binding.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the ‘de novo’ formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.
A process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene’s coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occuring in the mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translational elongation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3’-UTR binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.
Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.
A process of regulation of mRNA stability that is involved in a response to oxidative stress.
Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation that is part of a change in state or activity of a cell as a result of an exogenous disturbance.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.
OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. This term was obsoleted because it is an unnecessary grouping term.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NAD kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an NAD molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of netrin-activated signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of olfactory learning. Olfactory learning is any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structure of the pharynx is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidate phosphatase activity. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidate phosphatase activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3’ position of the inositol ring.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity.
Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase D activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid scramblase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to 5’-AMP.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polynucleotide 3’-phosphatase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polynucleotide adenylyltransferase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.
Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.
Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a presynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating protein degradation at the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. Note that protein heterodimerization is a molecular function: ‘protein heterodimerization activity ; GO:0046982’.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. Note that protein homodimerization is a molecular function: ‘protein homodimerization activity ; GO:0042803’.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked deubiquitination.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked deubiquitination.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein O-linked glycosylation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular catabolic process. overexpression of cathepsin C propeptide significantly increased the degradation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP)
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.
Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulatory non-coding RNA processing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.
A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to calcium ion.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity. An example of this is DRE2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (UniProt ID P36152) in PMID:24733891 (inferred from mutant phenotype).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase III activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.
Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of sweet taste.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity. Serinc proteins form a complex with serine and sphingolipid biosynthesis enzymes and regulates their activity through regulation of the substrate availability
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin into a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding to single-stranded telomeric DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.
Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of SUMO ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of superoxide metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
A posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression that results in regulation of synapse organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.
Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Telomerases catalyze extension of the 3’- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thioredoxin peroxidase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of threonine-tRNA ligase activity.
The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription initiation from RNA polymerase I promoter.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.
Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha. Consider also annotating to ’eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase activity ; GO:0004694'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA methylation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA processing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner’s vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male’s tail.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthesis. Ubiquinone biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulation of ubiquitin-specific protease activity (deubiquitinase) activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of water channel activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3’ end of a regulatory non-coding RNA molecule.
A process leading to the generation of a functional regulatory non-coding RNA.
Binding to a RNA region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Binding to a small regulatory RNA, a short RNA (usually 50-200 nt long) that is either independently transcribed or processed from a longer RNA by an RNAse enzyme.
The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a 5’ flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 5’ ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis.
Any process, acting at the cellular level, involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
A renal system process in which fluid circulating through the body is filtered through a barrier system.
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.
The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism’s cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.
A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 ‘response to acidic pH’ instead.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diuretic stimulus. A diuretic is an agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct manual annotation of gene products. It was created to be used for cross-referencing by other ontologies. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.
[response to drug; term replaced by; response to xenobiotic stimulus]
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a farnesol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.
A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system. Note that epinephrine and norepinephrine are ligands for the same receptors, and there are multiple adrenergic receptors.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. Note that ‘radiation’ refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. defined as response to Saccharomycotina (true yeasts). This excludes fission yeast.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.
Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell.
Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.
Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.
Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.
Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.
Binding to a retinoid, a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
Binding to retinol, vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9’-hydroxy-3’,7’-dimethylnona-1’,3’,5’,7’-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. Retinol is an intermediate in the vision cycle and it also plays a role in growth and differentiation.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.
Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand.
Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide.
Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Binding to a retromer complex.
Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rho, thereby preventing GTP from binding.
Rho GTPase-dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires binding of the GTPase Rho.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events that convert the absorbed photons into a cellular response.
The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.
The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.
The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + riboflavin = ADP + FMN + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.
The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.
Binds to and increases the activity of a ribonuclease.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA with 5’-phosphomonoesters and 3’-OH termini; makes two staggered cuts in both strands of dsRNA, leaving a 3’ overhang of 2 nt.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ribonuclease.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 5’ extra nucleotides from tRNA precursor.
Binding to RNA subunit of ribonuclease P.
A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
Catalysis of the formation of 2’-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Binding to a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3’ or 5’-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + AMP + 2 H+. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
Binding to a large ribosomal subunit.
Catalysis of the reaction: ribosomal protein S6 + ATP = ribosomal protein S6 phosphate + ATP.
Binding to a small ribosomal subunit.
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.
Binding to a ribosome.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.
A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
Catalysis of the reaction: an N-D-ribosylpyrimidine + H2O = D-ribose + a pyrimidine.
The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
Binding to a RISC complex.
The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RNA containing 2’-O-methylribonucleotide.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3’ end of an RNA molecule.
The process whereby a guanine in 5-cap is methylated at the N7 position of guanine.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5’ end of an RNA molecule.
Binding to a 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5’ end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II.
Catalysis of the template-independent extension of the 3’- end of an RNA strand by addition of one adenosine molecule at a time. Cannot initiate a chain ‘de novo’. The primer, depending on the source of the enzyme, may be an RNA, or oligo(A) bearing a 3’-OH terminal group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study.
Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5’ end of an RNA molecule.
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5’ end of nascent RNA polymerase transcripts. Examples of RNA capping include 7-methyl-G caps found on all RNA polymerase II transcripts and nucleotide-containing cofactor caps, such as NAD(H) or FAD, found on bacterial trancripts.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage.
Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.
Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA-uracil + NAD(P)+ = RNA-dihydrouridine + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3’-phosphomonoesters.
Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5’ end of an RNA molecule.
Binds to and increases the activity of an RNA lariat debranching enzyme.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2’-5’- and 3’-5’-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ribonucleotide(n) + ribonucleotide(m) = AMP + diphosphate + ribonucleotide(n+m).
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group at the end of one RNA chain and the 5’-phosphate group at the end of another.
A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.
A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3’,5’-phosphodiester linkage.
Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2’-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. The term ‘RNA editing’ (GO:0016547) was merged into ‘RNA modification’ (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing.
The RNA metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of internal 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3’,5’-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template.
Binding to an RNA polymerase molecule or complex.
Binding to an RNA polymerase core enzyme, containing a specific subunit composition defined as the core enzyme.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3’-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain ‘de novo’.
Binding to a RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.
Binding to a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3. In all species characterized, RNA polymerase I transcribes a large polycistronic transcript that is processed into several mature rRNAs (3 or 4 depending on the species), including the large subunit rRNA (28S in humans), the small subunit rRNA (18S in humans), as well as one or two additional smaller rRNAs (the 5.8S rRNA in humans). In most species, this large rRNA transcript is the sole product of RNA polymerase I. However there are rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I also transcribes certain mRNAs.
The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC) (which includes including UBF, SL1, RRN3 and TBP in human). The PIC engages RNA polymerase I on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides.
Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I.
Binding to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The CTD is comprised of repeats of a heptapeptide with the consensus sequence YSPTSPS. The number of repeats varies with the species and a minimum number of repeats is required for RNAP II function.
Binding to phosphorylated serine residues in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II.
Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Note that the phrase “upstream activating sequence”, or UAS is often used in S. cerevisiae literature to refer to cis-regulatory sequences. In bacteria such as E. coli, the phrase “upstream activating sequence”, or UAS is usually a synonym for “enhancer”.
Binding to an RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.
Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.
A catalytic activity that acts on the RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS). Reversible modifications cof the RNA polymerase II CTD repeats contribute to regulation of RNA polymerase activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: phospho-(DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) + H2O = (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II) + phosphate.
A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription. General transcription factors assemble with the RNA polymerase at promoter DNA to form the pre-initiation complex (PIC), bind to and open promoter DNA, initiate RNA synthesis and stimulate the escape of the polymerase from the promoter. Not all subunits of the general transcription factor are necessarily present in all promoters to initiate transcription. The distinction between general transcription factors and DNA-binding transcription factors is that the latter modulate the selection of which genes are expressed under specific conditions, while general transcription factors belong to the constitutive machinery required for transcription to occur.
Binding to a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. To minimize ambiguity in the use of the word “promoter” in GO, we have chosen the phrase “transcription regulatory region” to refer to all of the regulatory regions. Regulatory regions in the DNA which control initiation may include the “core promoter” where the basal transcription machinery binds, the “core promoter proximal region” where regulatory factors other than the basal machinery bind. There are also additional regulatory regions, in both the DNA and the RNA transcript, which regulate elongation or termination of transcription.
Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.
Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.
Binding to an RNA polymerase III core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.
A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC. RNA polymerase III transcribes genes encoding short RNAs, including tRNAs, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, the short ncRNA component of RNases P, the mitochondrial RNA processing (MRP) RNA, the signal recognition particle SRP RNA, and in higher eukaryotes a number of micro and other small RNAs, though there is some variability across species as to whether a given small noncoding RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III.
Binding to an RNA polymerase III transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase III.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase III specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3’-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain ‘de novo’.
Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.
Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
Binding to a specific RNA molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions. Note that nuclear mRNA, Group I, Group II, and Group III introns are all spliced by a series of two transesterification reactions that occur within the RNA itself, or between two RNAs in trans splicing. Some of these require one or more proteins to stabilize the catalytic conformation, while others are autocatalytic. Note that tRNA introns are spliced by a different catalytic mechanism.
Binding to a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.
An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded RNA molecule.
Facilitates the displacement of one strand of an RNA-RNA duplex and its replacement with a different strand of higher complementarity.
Enables the transfer of RNA, ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of two successive methyl transfer reactions from AdoMet to the N-2 atom of guanosine, thereby converting 7-methylguanosine in an RNA cap to 2,2,7 trimethylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA 3’-terminal-phosphate = AMP + diphosphate + RNA terminal-2’,3’-cyclic-phosphate.
A process in which an RNA molecule reduces expression of target genes. This can occur pre-transcriptionally by assembly of heterochromatin and prevention of transcription or co- or post-transcriptionally by targeting RNAs for degradation or by interfering with splicing or translation. This process starts once the inhibitory RNA molecule has been transcribed, and includes processing of the RNA such as cleavage, modifications, transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, loading onto the RISC complex, and the effect on transcription or translation.
A posttranscriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory RNAs elicit silencing of specific target genes, either by mRNA destabilization or inhibition of translation.
A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5’-phosphomonoesters. Note that the EC recommended name for this enzyme activity is ‘calf thymus ribonuclease H’, even though it is found in many species.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2’-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin. When thioredoxin is substituted for glutaredoxin in the reaction, annotate instead to ‘ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase, glutaredoxin disulfide as acceptor ; GO:0036175’.
The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.
Binding to Roundabout (ROBO) receptor, a transmembrane receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an N(4)-methylcytidine in rRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a pseudouridine residue in an rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2’-O-methyluridine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyluridine.
Binding to a ribosomal RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + cytidine = CoA + N4-acetylcytidine. The cytidine is within the polynucleotide chain of an rRNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an rRNA molecule.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. The term ‘RNA editing’ (GO:0016547) was merged into ‘RNA modification’ (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing. Parallel changes were made for substrate (e.g. tRNA, rRNA, etc.) specific child terms of ‘RNA editing’.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
The directed movement of S-adenosyl-L-methionine across a membrane.
The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5’-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5’-methylthioadenosine + phosphate = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione N-hydroxysulfenamide + NADH + H+ = S-nitrosoglutathione + NAD+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.
Binding to a S100 protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.
An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.
The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H+ + NADH.
Catalysis of the cleavage of N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine to release an amino acid (lysine or glutamate), with the concomitant reduction of an electron acceptor.
The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other.
Combining with soluble salty compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of salty taste.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADP+ = sepiapterin + NADPH + H+.
Binding to a SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) domain, which is a 70-amino acid protein sequence that participates in protein-protein, protein-lipid, and protein-RNA interactions and is conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes.
Binds transmembrane domain-containing proteins and mediates their integration into a membrane.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a triphosphoester to give a triphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.
The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Catalysis of the reaction: sarcosine + H2O + electron-transfer flavoprotein = glycine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein. Note that this was EC:1.5.99.1.
Binding to satellite DNA, the many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit; many have a base composition or other property different from the genome average that allows them to be separated from the bulk (main band) genomic DNA.
Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.
Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Note that many gene products that are called scavenger receptors have a broad range of potential ligands and also can be annotated to ‘pattern recognition receptor activity ; GO:0038187’ or its child terms, or to ’lipoprotein receptor activity ; GO:0030228’ or its child terms. For receptors that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms ‘signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023’ and its children.
Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = oleoyl-CoA + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O. Note that this function was formerly EC:1.14.99.5.
Binding to a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex.
Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane.
The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.
Catalysis of the movement of a monocarboxylate, any compound containing a single carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), by uniport, symport or antiport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transfer of an oligopeptide or oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute’s concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. Note that the term ‘secretory vesicle’ is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean ’transport vesicle ; GO:0030133’.
Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.
Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + hydrogen selenide = AMP + 3 H+ + phosphate + selenophosphorate.
Binding to a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), a regulatory sequence within mRNA which directs incorporation of a selenocysteine at a stop codon (UGA) during translation.
Catalysis of the transfer of a selenium-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Binding to a semaphorin receptor.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.
Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in axon guidance.
Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in neuron projection guidance.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a cold temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
The series of events required for an organism to detect high environmental humidity, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a hot temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
The series of events required for an organism to detect some level of humidity in its environment, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Note, this is not classified under ‘detection of chemical stimulus’ as there are various potential mechanisms of hygroperception including detection of mechanical stimulus.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to detect low environmental humidity, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required to receive a salty taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism’s ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.
The series of events required to receive a sour taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach).
The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive sensory mechanical stimulus resulting from air flow, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme.
Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.
Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.
Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) of a specific nucleotide composition or a specific sequence motif.
Binding to single-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition.
The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).
Binding to 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the synthesis of free D-serine from L-serine.
Enables the transfer of serine from one side of a membrane to the other. Serine is 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.
The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
Combining with the biogenic amine serotonin and transmitting a signal across a membrane by activating some effector activity. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter.
The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: serotonin(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = serotonin(in) + Na+(in)+ Cl-(in).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Binding to a SET domain of a protein. SET domains are named after three Drosophila proteins that contain this domain: Su(var), E(z) and trithorax. SET domains are associated with histone lysine methylation.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue.
Binding to a sevenless (sev) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.
The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.
A reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two gametes, which may come from two organisms or from a single organism, in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. It occurs both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two gametes join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny. Sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times.
Binding to a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.
Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = tetrahydrofolate + L-serine.
Combining with a short neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Short neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of less than 28 residues (as small as 8-10 residues in some species) with a C-terminal RFamide or LRFamide. Despite their naming, neuropeptide F (NPF) and short neuropeptide F (sNPF) are not closely related.
Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = an alcohol + a carboxylic anion, where the carboxylic chain has 8 or fewer carbon atoms.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a short-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor, where the acyl group is a short chain fatty acid residue.
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.
The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule.
Sigma factors act as the promoter specificity subunit of eubacterial and plant plastid multisubunit RNA polymerases, whose core subunit composition is often described as alpha(2)-beta-beta-prime. Although sigma does not bind DNA on its own, when combined with the core to form the holoenzyme, the sigma factor binds specifically to promoter elements. The sigma subunit is released once elongation begins.
Binding to a signal recognition particle. See also the cellular component term ‘signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting ; GO:0005786’.
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
Any signal release from a synapse.
Binding to a signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence found on protein precursors or mature proteins that dictates where the mature protein is localized.
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity. A signaling adaptor can bring together both protein and non-protein molecules within a signaling pathway. Scaffold proteins act in at least four ways: tethering signaling components, localizing these components to specific areas of the cell, regulating signal transduction by coordinating positive and negative feedback signals, and insulating correct signaling proteins from competing proteins (PMID:19104498).
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. Where appropriate, also consider annotating to ‘receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018’.
The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a signaling receptor.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a receptor.
[term replaced by; single organism signaling]
[term replaced by; single-multicellular organism process; multicellular organismal process]
[term replaced by; single-organism behavior]
[term replaced by; single-organism catabolic process]
[term replaced by; single-organism cellular process]
[term replaced by; single-organism localization]
[term replaced by; single-organism metabolic process]
[biological_process; term replaced by; single-organism process]
[single-organism transport; term replaced by]
Binding to damaged DNA containing single-strand breaks (SSBs).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3’ to 5'.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3’ terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of nucleotides (such as mononucleotides or dinucleotides) from a free 5’ terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.
Binding to single-stranded DNA. Note that this term is restricted to those cases where the binding is to a single-stranded DNA molecule, not to one of the stands of double-stranded DNA.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5’ or 3’ terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of a DNA helix.
Binding to single-stranded RNA.
Binding to single-stranded telomere-associated DNA.
Binding to a single subunit RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
Binding to a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme.
Catalysis of the removal of one or more acetyl groups from a protein, requiring NAD.
Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber.
The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.
The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + K+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + K+(in) + Cl-(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = Na+(in) + Cl-(in).
Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.
Enables the transfer of glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + H+(out) = amino acid(in) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5’-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have side chains with a positive charge at pH 7.3.
Enables the transfer of fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.
Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of a membrane to the other. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.
Enables the transfer of 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a GDP-fucose from one side of a membrane to the other. GDP-fucose is a substance composed of fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
Enables the transfer of a UDP-glucuronic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.
Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + HCO3-(out) = Na+(in) + HCO3-(in).
Enables the transfer of riboflavin from one side of a membrane to the other. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: organic acid(out) + Na+(out) = organic acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + Na+(out) = glucose(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).
Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium independent manner.
Enables the transfer of thyroid hormones from one side of a membrane to the other. Thyroid hormone are any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
Binding to a SMAD signaling protein.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 2 to 20 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel.
Binding to a small monomeric GTPase.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry in the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine.
Binding to a small molecule, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Binding to a small molecule and eliciting a change in the protein’s activity in response to the intracellular level of that small molecule.
Binding to a small protein activating enzyme, such as ubiquitin-activating enzyme.
Binding to small ribosomal subunit RNA (SSU rRNA), a constituent of the small ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 18S rRNA.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a nucleoside residue in a small RNA molecule. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + small RNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + small RNA containing a 3’-terminal 2’-O-methylnucleotide.
A translational repressor activity that binds to a single-stranded small regulatory RNA (either a miRNA or a siRNA) to guide it to its target mRNA. This term is intended for activities such as that mediated by argonaute in the RISC complex, that bring a miRNA or an siRNA to their target mRNA.
Binding to a protein from the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family, a group of chromosomal ATPases with a role in mitotic chromosome organization.
Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.
The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.
Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion.
Binding to a small nucleolar RNA.
Binding to a small nuclear RNA (snRNA).
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an RNA molecule. Note that the methyl donor is usually S-adenosyl-L-methionine, but there is at least one exception (see GO:0030698).
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an snRNA molecule.
Binding to a stem-loop in a small nuclear RNA (snRNA). An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.
Binding to a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle.
Binding to a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins. SOCS represent an important mechanism to extinguish cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling. Individual SOCS proteins are typically induced by specific cytokines and growth factors, thereby generating a negative feedback loop. SOCS proteins have important functions in development and homeostasis, and in disease, particularly tumor suppression and anti-inflammatory functions.
Primary active carrier-mediated transport of a protein across a membrane, driven by the hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond of inorganic pyrophosphate, ATP, or another nucleoside triphosphate. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a sodium channel.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a sodium channel.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.
A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to both N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and a cis-SNARE complex (i.e. a SNARE complex in which all proteins are associated with the same membrane) and increasing the ATPase activity of NSF, thereby allowing ATP hydrolysis by NSF to disassemble the cis-SNARE complex.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: anion(in) + solute(out) = anion(out) + solute(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + HCO3-(out) = solute(in) + HCO3-(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(in) = solute(in) + cation(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).
Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + H+(out) = solute(in) + H+(in).
The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
The regulated release of dopamine from the somatodendritic compartment (cell body or dendrites) of a neuron.
The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.
Binding to somatostatin, a polypeptide hormone involved in regulating pancreatic alpha and pancreatic beta cells and controlling growth hormone secretion as well as many other functions. Somatostatin is produced by several cell types including pancreatic delta cells. There are several different mature forms of somatostatin.
Combining with somatostatin to initiate a change in cell activity. Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by signaling via G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by proteolytic cleavage: a 14 amino acid peptide (SST-14) and a 28 amino acid peptide (SST-28).
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by somatostatin binding to the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. In addition to somatostatin (SST), the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) can also be activated by the agonist cortistatin (CST). For signal transduction specifically initiated by the ligand somatostatin, consider instead annotating to the child term ‘somatostatin signaling pathway ; GO:0038170’.
The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by somatostatin binding to a somatostatin receptor (SSTR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
Combining with soluble sour compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sour taste.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. Catalysis of the severing of a microtubule at a specific spot along its length, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. See also the cellular component term ‘katanin complex ; GO:0008352’.
Binding to spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.
Any process that contributes to the success of sperm fertilization in multiply-mated females.
The retention of sperm by a female following mating.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + putrescine = 5’-methylthioadenosine + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine = 5’-methylthioadenosine + spermine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine 1-phosphate = phosphoethanolamine + palmitaldehyde.
Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ -> a sphingosine ceramide (aka (4E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide) + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O.
Removes a sphingolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
Enables the directed movement of sphingolipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).
Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide 1-phosphate + choline + H+.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. This term includes intracellular membrane receptors, e.g. IP3 triggered release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.
Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5’-phosphomonoesters.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain, occurring within a membrane. Note that although GO generally avoids the use of localization information in terms, in this case an exception was made. This is because the fact that the cleavage occurs within the membrane is integral to its function, as it is the only thing that distinguishes this group from other aspartic endopeptidases.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2S (hydrogen sulfide) + a quinone = S0 (sulfane sulfur) + a hydroquinone. Note that EC:1.8.5.4 describes this reaction as bacterial-specific, but it has also been observed in eukaryotes (PMID:22852582, PMID:10224084).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) + ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R.
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->6)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine.
Binding to starch.
Binding to a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family. STATs are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP, and in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.
Binding to a steroid hormone.
The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.
The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Binding to a sterol, a steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + a sterol = CoA + a sterol ester.
Removes a sterol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.
The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.
Enables the energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.
A ligand-gated ion channel activity which transports calcium in response to emptying of intracellular calcium stores.
The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.
The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching, and contributing to the regulation of action potential.
Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha(S)-strictosidine + H2O = secologanin + tryptamine.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of an adult organism. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a chitin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a larva. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of chromatin.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cuticle.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an egg chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the lens of an eye.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a muscle fiber.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the peritrophic membrane, a tubular sheath of cuticle that shields the epithelial cells of the midgut from the gut contents. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a presynaptic active zone.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a pupa. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. Note that this term may be used to annotate ribosomal RNAs as well as ribosomal proteins.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a synapse.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the vitelline membrane of an egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or its assembly within or outside a cell.
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
The process in which succinate is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + succinate + CoA = ADP + succinyl-CoA + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + succinate + CoA = GDP + succinyl-CoA + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + CoA + nucleotide triphosphate = nucleotide diphosphate + phosphate + succinyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + a 3-oxo acid = succinate + a 3-oxo-acyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl (3-carboxypropanoyl) group to an acceptor molecule.
Enables the transfer of sucrose from one side of a membrane to the other. Sucrose is the disaccharide O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2->1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, a sweet-tasting, non-reducing sugar isolated industrially from sugar beet or sugar cane.
The directed movement of sucrose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sucrose is the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = sucrose(in) + monovalent cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + H+(out) = sucrose(in) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides.
Catalysis of the reaction: sugar phosphate + H2O = sugar + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sugar phosphorylated on the terminal carbon = a sugar + phosphate.
Binding to sulfate, SO4(2-), a negatively charged small molecule.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sulfate ions within an organism or cell.
Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.
The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane.
The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + sulfite = H2O2 + H+ + sulfate. Note that this term has a MetaCyc pathway reference as the pathway only has a single step.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
Enables the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.
The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to a sulfur compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: RSO-R’ + H2O = RSOOH + R’H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a sulfuric ester bond, an ester formed from sulfuric acid, O=SO(OH)2.
Catalysis of the activation of the proteolytically processed small ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Binding to the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.
Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y -> Y-SUMO + X, where both the X-SUMO and Y-SUMO linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S –> X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within the small conjugating protein SUMO.
Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 superoxide + 2 H+ = O2 + hydrogen peroxide.
A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, to activate superoxide dismutase activity. See also the molecular function term ‘superoxide dismutase activity ; GO:0004784’.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + 2 O2 = H+ + NADP+ + 2 superoxide.
A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.
A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
A polymeric supramolecular structure.
Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli.
Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.
Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.
The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.
A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support bridging a synaptic signaling receptor and a downstream signaling molecule.
Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.
Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.
The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse.
Binding to a syntaxin-1 SNAP receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes RNA-template-directed extension of the 3’- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time.
Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
Any DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.
Any synthesis of RNA primer involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
Any synthesis of RNA primer that is involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y –> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.
Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Binding to a tachykinin receptor.
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).
Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste.
Binding to Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein.
Enables the transfer of taurine from one side of a membrane to the other. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative which is important in the metabolism of fats.
The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: taurine(out) + Na+(out) = taurine(in) + Na+(in).
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
Binding to a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).
Binding to a specific molecule to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD+ = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CO2 + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of telomerase.
Binding to the telomerase RNA template.
Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.
A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force.
The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.
A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary mitochondrial transcript.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3’-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain ‘de novo’.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + testosterone = NADPH + H+ + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.
Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD(P)+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylcytosine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethylcytosine + succinate + CO2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues.
Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIA complex, one of the complexes involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIID complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIF complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIH complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Binding to a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIC complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic process.
Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ether bond, -O-.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.
Binding to thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases.
The process in which thiamine is transported across a membrane. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of thiamine from one side of a membrane to the other. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The directed movement of a thioester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 R’C(R)SH + O2 = 2 R’C(R)S-S(R)CR’ + 2 H2O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR’ + H2O = RCOOH + HSR’. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR’), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.
Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + hydrogen peroxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + a hydroperoxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + an alcohol + H2O.
Enables the transfer of thiosulfate ions, S2O3(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of thiosulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) = AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine = glycine + acetaldehyde.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5’-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine 5’-phosphate = ADP + thymidine 5’-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = 7,8-dihydrofolate + thymidylate.
The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose-6-phosphate + phosphate.
Binding to a Toll-Interleukin receptor (TIR) domain of a protein. The TIR domain is an intracellular 200 residue domain that is found in the Toll protein, the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R), and MyD88; it contains three highly-conserved regions, and mediates protein-protein interactions between the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and signal-transduction components.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.
The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.
Hydrolysis of Lys63-Linked ubiquitin unit(s) from a ubiquitinated protein.
Binding to a Toll protein, a transmembrane receptor.
Binding to a Toll-like protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.
Binding to a torso (tor) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Binding to a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection.
The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 4 isopentenyl diphosphate = 4 diphosphate + all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate.
Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome.
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. Note that this term is meant to also capture non-specific binding to regulatory regions. Also, to minimize ambiguity in the use of the word “promoter” in GO, we have chosen the phrase “transcription regulatory region” to refer to all of the regulatory regions. Regulatory regions in the DNA which control initiation may include the “core promoter” where the basal transcription machinery binds, the “core promoter proximal region” where regulatory factors other than the basal machinery bind. There are also additional regulatory regions, in both the DNA and the RNA transcript, which regulate elongation or termination of transcription.
A transcription coregulator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coactivators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003712 ; transcription coregulator activity.
Binding to a transcription coactivator, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. Usage guidance: Most transcription coregulators do not bind DNA. Those that do usually bind DNA either in a non-specific or non-direct manner. If a protein binds DNA specifically, consider annotating to GO:0003700 DNA binding transcription factor activity.
Binding to a transcription coregulator, a protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
A transcription coregulator activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Corepressors often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription corepressors modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. For usage guidance, see comment in GO:0003712 ; transcription coregulator activity.
Binding to a transcription corepressor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
A molecular function that stimulates the elongation properties of the RNA polymerase during the elongation phase of transcription. A subclass of transcription elongation factors enable the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, while another class rescue stalled RNA polymerases. Restored term from obsolete.
Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. Please consier one of the more specific descendants, GO:0140297 ; DNA-binding transcription factor binding, GO:0140296 ; general transcription initiation factor binding or GO:0001221 ; transcription coregulator binding.
A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Note that promoter clearance is represented as a separate step, not part_of either initiation or elongation.
The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC). The PIC engages the RNA polymerase on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides.
A molecular function regulator that increases the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification. Usage guidance: transcription regulator activators bind to a transcription regulator to allow it to reach the chromatin or to contact other transcriptional regulators. This activity does not occur at the promoter. For activities that do occur at the promoter, consider GO:0001216 ; DNA-binding transcription activator activity or GO:0003713; transcription coactivator activity; those activities respectively bind DNA themselves or positively regulate a transcription regulator when it is located at the chromatin.
A molecular function that controls the rate, timing and/or magnitude of gene transcription. The function of transcriptional regulators is to modulate gene expression at the transcription step so that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A molecular function regulator that inhibits the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification. Usage guidance: transcription regulator inhibitors bind to a transcription regulator to prevent it from reaching the chromatin. This activity does not occur at the promoter. For activities that do occur at the promoter, consider GO:0001217 ; DNA-binding transcription repressor activity or GO:0003714 ; transcription corepressor activity. An example of a transcription regulator is TCF23 Q7RTU1 is an example of a protein that regulates transcription factors by heterodimerising or binding to DbTFs and prevent DNA binding and their specific genomic binding site where the dbTF would have activated or repressed transcription. Also an example is NFKBIA P25963 which has a different way of regulating transcription factor activity by sequestering the dbTF (complex) in the cytoplasm. Another example is the HSP90 and HSP23 proteins that sequester steroid receptors away from the DNA.
Binding to a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Binding to a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. Transcription termination sites can be recognized by the RNA polymerase (RNAP) itself or by another protein which interacts with the RNAP to promote transcription termination. Note that not all genes have a DNA specific sequence that functions as a termination site; for most mRNAs transcribed by RNAP II termination is not mediated by a specific termination sequence, but is coupled to polyadenylation.
The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.
The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide + protein L-asparagine = dolichyl diphosphate + a glycoprotein with the oligosaccharide chain attached by glycosylamine linkage to protein L-asparagine.
Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y –> Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages.
Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides.
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).
A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Binding to TGF-beta, transforming growth factor beta, a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types.
Combining with a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. Note that this term represents an activity and not a gene product, and should only be used when the receptor binds the ligand TGFbeta. For binding to other growth factors, consider annotating to terms under ’transmembrane signaling receptor activity ; GO:0004888.
Combining with a complex of transforming growth factor beta and a type II TGF-beta receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of TGF-beta signals.
Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a member of the transforming growth factor receptor superfamily, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Binding to a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
Enables the transfer of transition metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.
Catalysis of the transfer of an aldehyde or ketonic group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
Any of a group of soluble proteins functioning in the activation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
Translation that occurs at the postsynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Translation that occurs at the synapse. Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
Binding to a translation elongation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the peptide elongation in ribosome-mediated translation.
Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
Any selective and non-covalent interaction with a nucleic acid involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
Involved in catalyzing the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.
A translation release factor that is not specific to particular codons; binds to guanine nucleotides.
A translation release factor that is specific for one or more particular termination codons; acts at the ribosomal A-site and require polypeptidyl-tRNA at the P-site.
Antagonizes ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
Functions in the termination of translation.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
Oxidation of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) on the outer side of a membrane coupled to the reduction of L-ascorbate to monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical on the inner side of a membrane. Electrons get transferred across the membrane during the reaction.
Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane.
Oxidation of monodehydroascorbate outside of a membrane coupled to the reduction of L-ascorbate to monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical on the inner side of a membrane. Electrons get transferred across the membrane during the reaction.
The activity of removing a protein from a membrane, by binding to a transmembrane helical fragment of a tail-anchored protein and releasing it from the the hydrophobic region of one or both lipid bilayers. The reaction is driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.
Binding to a receptor that spans a cell membrane and possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term ’nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913’ and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.
Combining with a transmembrane ephrin to initiate a change in cell activity.
The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any transmitter-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. Note that the term ‘secretory vesicle’ is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean ‘secretory granule ; GO:0030141’.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.
Binds to and increases the activity of a transporter.
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Some transporters, such as certain members of the SLC family, are referred to as ‘carriers’; however GO uses carrier with a different meaning: a carrier binds to and transports the substance (see GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity), whereas a transporter forms some pore that allows the passing of molecules.
A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. An example of this is GTR1 in human (UniProt symbol P11166) in PMID:15449578 (inferred from direct assay).
Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a transporter.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a transporter.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of trehalose or a trehalose derivative.
Enables the transfer of trehalose from one side of a membrane to the other. Trehalose is the disaccharide alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside that acts of a reserve carbohydrate in certain fungi, algae and lichens.
The directed movement of trehalose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Trehalose is a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.
Catalysis of the reaction: trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = trehalose + phosphate.
Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the transfer of tricarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.
The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.
Binding to an unfolded protein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal (1->3)- and (1->6)-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in the mannosyl-oligosaccharide Man(5)(GlcNAc)(3).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.
Catalysis of the exohydrolysis of the non-reducing terminal glucose residue in the mannosyl-oligosaccharide Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2).
Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine. Note that this activity was formerly know in GO and EC as ’tRNA isopentenyltransferase’ (EC:2.5.1.8, GO:0004811), but it is now known that dimethylallyl diphosphate, rather than isopentenyl diphosphate, is the substrate.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell. Note that this term was split from ‘di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0055061’ (sibling term ‘divalent inorganic anion homeostasis’ ; GO:0072505’).
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine9 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N1-methylguanosine9 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing guanine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N2-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2’-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-(carboxymethyl)uridine34 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 5-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)uridine34 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytosine32 in tRNA= S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2’-O-methylcytidine32 in tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: cytidine(34) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2’-O-methylcytidine(34) in tRNA + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylcytosine.
The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N7 position of guanine.
Catalysis of the reaction:guanosine(26) in tRNA + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N(2)-dimethylguanosine(26) in tRNA + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine 34 in tRNA= S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2’-O-methylguanosine 34 in tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a uracil residue in a tRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2’-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1’’,2’’-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1’-2’ cyclic phosphate.
The process in which the 3’ end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.
The process in which the 5’ end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.
Binding to a transfer RNA.
The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine. Dihydrouridine is found in numerous positions within loop I, the so-called dihydrouridine loop, of many transfer RNAs. Most often found at positions 16 and 17, but also sometimes at positions 20, 20a, and 20b.
Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5’ end of a tRNA molecule; observed for His tRNAs.
Binds to and increases the activity of a tRNA ligase.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methylthreonylcarbamoyladenosine. This activity is distinct from ’tRNA (adenine-N6-)-methyltransferase activity’ (GO:0016430) in that it requires the presence of a threonylcarbamoyl modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.
The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. The term ‘RNA editing’ (GO:0016547) was merged into ‘RNA modification’ (GO:0009451) on the basis of statements in the preface of Modification and Editing of RNA (ISBN:1555811337) that there is no clear distinction between modification and editing. Parallel changes were made for substrate (e.g. tRNA, rRNA, etc.) specific child terms of ‘RNA editing’.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + cytidine = CoA + N4-acetylcytidine. The cytidine is within the polynucleotide chain of a tRNA.
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5’-hydroxyl and 2’,3’-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine-34 + H2O = inosine-34 + NH3, in a tRNA-Ala molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA uridine = 5’-methylthioadenosine + tRNA 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19’.
The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19’, ‘TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28’ and ‘TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39’.
The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells. See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms ‘TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19’, ‘TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28’ and ‘TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39’.
Binding to tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophanyl-tRNA(Trp).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.
The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Binding to a TSC1-TSC2 complex.
Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen cyanide + thiosulfate = H+ + sulfite + thiocyanate.
Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + NAD+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NADH + H+.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.
The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (alpha-tubulin) L-lysine = CoA + (alpha-tubulin) N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Binding to tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages.
Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.
Binding to a tumor necrosis factor receptor.
Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Fine-tuning the spatial position of an organism in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of an organism in the direction of a food source.
The sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner’s vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male’s tail.
Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + thioredoxin = H+ + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide.
Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. These processes continue to 60 DPA in Gossypium spp.
The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.
Binding to a type I transforming growth factor beta receptor.
Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.
The regulated release of a tyramine by a cell.
The regulated release of a tyramine by a cell in which the tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + O2 = L-DOPAquinone + H2O. This reaction can use both monophenols (such as tyrosine) and catechols (o-diphenols) as substrates. In mammals, L-DOPA can act as a cofactor for the catalyzed reaction; therefore in some resources L-DOPA is shown on both sides of the reaction. GO:0004503 describes the monooxygenation of the monophenol, L-tyrosine. For oxidation of diphenols (including L-DOPA and dopamine), consider instead the term ‘catechol oxidase activity ; GO:0004097’ and its children.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + ATP + tRNA(Tyr) = L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.
Binds to and increases the activity of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between a DNA topoisomerase and DNA. See also the molecular function term ‘DNA topoisomerase type I activity ; GO:0003917’.
Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.
Binding to a U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA). Note that this term may be useful for annotating other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
Binding to a U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle.
Binding to a U12 small nuclear RNA (U12 snRNA).
Catalysis of the reaction: a adenosine in U2 snRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = an N6-methyl-adenosine in U2 snRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Binding to a U2 small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA).
Binding to a U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle.
Binding to a U3 small nucleolar RNA.
Binding to a U4 small nuclear RNA (U4 snRNA).
Binding to a U5 small nuclear RNA (U5 snRNA).
Binding to a U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).
Binding to a U7 small nuclear RNA (U7 snRNA). Note that this term may be useful for annotating other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
Catalysis of the reaction: E1 + ubiquitin + ATP–> E1-ubiquitin + AMP + PPi, where the E1-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond between the C-terminal glycine of Ub and a sulfhydryl side group of an E1 cysteine residue. This is the first step in a cascade of reactions in which ubiquitin is ultimately added to a protein substrate. The ubiquitin activating enzyme catalyzes a ligation reaction.
Binding to ubiquinone, a quinone derivative with a tail of isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
Binding to a ubiquitin activating enzyme, any of the E1 proteins.
Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Binding to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, any of the E2 proteins.
Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a ubiquitin ligase and its substrate. Usually mediated by F-box BTB/POZ domain proteins.
Binding to a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.
Binding to a protein upon ubiquitination of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require ubiquitination of the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of ubiquitination. It may be that the ubiquitination causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of ubiquitination-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.
Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another via the reaction X-SCP + Y -> Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme such as ubiquitin conjugating enzyme.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S –> X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase.
An isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (ULP; e.g. ATG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO) from target proteins. While ubiquitin-like proteins can be rarely linked to substrates via bonds other than isopeptide bonds, all known ubiquitin-like peptidases cleave the isopeptide bond.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y –> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within a small protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO).
Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.
Binds to and modulates the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine in a substrate protein.
Binding to a ubiquitin-specific protease.
Binding to a protein upon modification by a ubiquitin-like protein of the target protein. This term should only be used when the binding is shown to require a ubiquitin-like modification in the target protein: the interaction needs to be tested with and without the PTM. The binding does not need to be at the site of ubiquitin-like modification. It may be that the modification causes a conformational change that allows binding of the protein to another region; this type of modification-dependent protein binding is valid for annotation to this term.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + uridine = ADP + UMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP + H2O = UMP + phosphate.
The process in which UDP-galactose is transported across a membrane. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a UDP-galactose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 NAD+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 3 H+ + 2 NADH + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The process in which UDP-glucose is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of a UDP-glucose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-glucose is a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the addition of UDP-glucose on to asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides of the form Man7-9GlcNAc2 on incorrectly folded glycoproteins.
The covalent attachment of a UDP-glucose residue to a substrate molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.
The directed movement of UDP-glucuronic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Enables the transfer of a N-acetylgalactosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
The process in which UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is transported across a membrane.
Enables the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lysosomal-enzyme D-mannose = UMP + lysosomal-enzyme N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-phospho-D-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
The directed movement of UDP-xylose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group from UDP-xylose to an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier UFM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-UFM1 + S –> X + S-UFM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-UFM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-UFM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y –> Y-UFM1 + X, where both X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 are covalent linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UMP = ADP + UDP.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UMP, uridine monophosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: orotidine 5’-phosphate + diphosphate = orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the transport of a single molecular species across a membrane; transport is independent of the movement of any other molecular species.
Unwinding a DNA helix in the direction 5’ to 3’, driven by ATP hydrolysis.
Catalysis of the formation of the linkage between a protein and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The reaction probably occurs by subjecting a peptide bond to nucleophilic attack by the amino group of ethanolamine-GPI, transferring the protein from a signal peptide to the GPI anchor.
Catalysis of the reaction: uridine + phosphate = uracil + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Binding to uracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + UMP = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + uracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: urate + O2 + H2O = 5-hydroxyisourate + hydrogen peroxide.
The directed movement of uridine, uracil riboside, across a lipid bilayer, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of uridine, uracil riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)UMP = ADP + (d)UDP.
Catalysis of the transfer of an uridylyl group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier URM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: uroporphyrinogen-III = coproporphyrinogen + 4 CO2.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylbilane = H2O + uroporphyrinogen III.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UTP + glutamine + H20= ADP + phosphate + CTP + glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-monosaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UTP = diphosphate + UDP-D-glucose.
Binds to and modulates the activity of UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.
Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.
The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles.
Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.
The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + ATP + tRNA(Val) = L-valyl-tRNA(Val) + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+.
Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.
The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis.
The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor.
Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.
Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
Combining with vasopressin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.
The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.
The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.
Binding to a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm.
Combining with a very-low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the very-low-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.
Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole.
Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.
The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.
Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse.
The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + H+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + H+(in). See also the molecular function term ’neurotransmitter transporter activity ; GO:0005326'.
Binding to a microtubule, a filament composed of tubulin monomers.
Binding to a virion, either by binding to components of the capsid or the viral envelope.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.
The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.
The series of events during equilibrioception required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual input plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways.
Binding to a vitamin B6 compound: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, or the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.
Binding to a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Receiving vitellogenin, and delivering vitellogenin into the cell via endocytosis.
Catalysis of the reaction: phylloquinol + a protein with a disulfide bond = phylloquinone + a protein with reduced L-cysteine residues. Formerly EC:1.1.4.1.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Any voltage-gated ion channel activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a volume-sensitive channel. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a volume-sensitive channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A volume-sensitive channel is a channel that responds to changes in the volume of a cell.
The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.
Enables the transfer of water (H2O) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.
Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Binding to a WW domain of a protein, a small module composed of 40 amino acids and plays a role in mediating protein-protein interactions via proline-rich regions.
Binding to X11-like protein, a neuron-specific adaptor protein.
Enables the transfer of xanthine from one side of a membrane to the other. Xanthine (2,6-dihydroxypurine) is a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine, but is not present in nucleic acids.
The directed movement of xanthine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Xanthine (2,6-dihydroxypurine) is a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine, but is not present in nucleic acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + NAD+ + H2O = urate + NADH + H+.
Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic from one side of a membrane to the other. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.
The directed movement of a xenobiotic into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + XMP + L-glutamine + H2O = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + L-glutamate + 2H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylulose + ATP = D-xylulose 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.
Catalyzes the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine <=> UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine. The enzyme, found in animals and insects, is involved in the biosynthesis of the alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)- beta-D-glucosyl trisaccharide on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF- like) domains.
Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.
Enables the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
Binding to a zinc ion (Zn).
Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc.
Binding to a zinc ion to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.
A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of zinc (Zn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.
A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid.
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